Intraosseous device couplers, drivers, kits, and methods

ABSTRACT

This disclosure includes various embodiments of couplers for coupling intraosseous (IO) devices and drivers, and various embodiments of drivers and kits.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/858,786, filed on Dec. 29, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/835,383, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,883,853, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to intraosseous (IO) access and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to couplers, drivers, IO devices (e.g., needle sets), and methods that can be used to facilitate IO access (e.g., to obtain bone marrow from the bone of a patient for biopsy and/or transplantation).

2. Description of Related Art

Examples of couplers, drivers, IO devices, and kits are disclosed, for example, in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874).

SUMMARY

This disclosure includes embodiments of couplers, drivers, IO devices, and kits.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver having a housing such that at least a portion of the hub is disposed outside the housing of the driver; where the first end of the drive hub includes female threads configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (TO) device. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub comprises female threads configured to be coupled to the driveshaft of a driver. In some embodiments, the female threads in the second end of the drive hub are configured to tighten if a driver rotates the drive hub and an IO device coupled to the drive hub in a clockwise direction.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a driveshaft is inserted into the recess, an interference fit between the drive hub and the driveshaft will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the recess has a circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the recess is defined by a cylindrical wall. In some embodiments, the second end further includes a second recess surrounding at least a portion of the cylindrical wall. In some embodiments, the second end of the hub includes a plurality of tabs extending into the recess, the plurality of tabs being configured to deform if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs each has a triangular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the recess has a circular central portion and one or more peripheral portions extending outwardly from the circular central portion. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs extend into the peripheral portions of the openings. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a recess and is configured such that if a hub of an IO device is inserted into the recess, an interference fit between the drive hub and the IO device will resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver; where the first end of the drive hub has a recess configured to receive a portion of an intraosseous (IO) device; and where the first end of the drive hub is configured such that if a portion of the IO device is inserted into the recess, an interference fit between the drive hub and the IO device will resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub. In some embodiments, the recess has a circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the recess is defined by a cylindrical wall. In some embodiments, the first end further includes a second recess surrounding at least a portion of the cylindrical wall. In some embodiments, the first end of the hub includes a plurality of tabs extending into the recess, the plurality of tabs configured to deform if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs each has a triangular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the recess has a circular central portion and one or more peripheral portions extending outwardly from the circular central portion. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs extend into the peripheral portions of the openings. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub includes a recess and is configured such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess, an interference fit between the drive hub and the driveshaft will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver; and an adhesive disposed in the recess and configured to adhere to a driveshaft inserted into the recess; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the recess has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of the driveshaft such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the second recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the recess has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device; the second recess has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to a cross-sectional shape of the hub of the IO device such that if the portion of the IO device is inserted into the recess, the drive hub will resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and the coupler further comprises a second adhesive disposed in the second recess and configured to adhere to an IO device inserted into the second recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver; where the first end of the drive hub has a recess configured to receive a portion of an intraosseous (IO) device; and where the recess has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to a cross-sectional shape of the portion of the IO device such that if the portion of the IO device is inserted into the recess, the drive hub will resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver; and a resilient clip biased toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the recess has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to a cross-sectional shape of the driveshaft such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the couplers comprise a hollow sleeve configured to be disposed around the recess such that a driveshaft inserted into the recess will be disposed in the hollow sleeve; where the resilient clip is unitary with the hollow sleeve. In some embodiments, the hollow sleeve and resilient clip comprise a single piece of sheet metal. In some embodiments, the distal end of the driveshaft has a non-circular cross-section.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess, the at least one opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; at least one ball movably disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub; a resilient c-clip disposed around the drive hub such that the c-clip biases the at least one ball toward a rotational axis of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a driveshaft having at least one detent is inserted into the recess, the c-clip will (i) allow the at least one ball to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) press the at least one ball into the at least one detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one ball to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the drive hub has a circular outer cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, and the drive hub has at least one second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess, the at least one second opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the second recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; the coupler further comprising: at least one second ball movably disposed in the at least one second opening in the drive hub; a second resilient c-clip disposed around the drive hub such that the c-clip biases the at least one second ball toward a rotational axis of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured such that if a hub of an IO device having at least one second detent is inserted into the recess, the second c-clip will (i) allow the at least one ball to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one second detent aligns with the at least one second ball, and (ii) press the at least one second ball into the at least one second detent when the at least one second detent is aligned with the at least one second ball to resist removal of the IO device from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess, the at least one opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; at least one ball movably disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub; a resilient c-clip disposed around the drive hub such that the c-clip biases the at least one ball toward a rotational axis of the drive hub; where the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a hub of an intraosseous (TO) device having at least one detent is inserted into the recess, the c-clip will (i) allow the at least one ball to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) press the at least one ball into the at least one detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one ball to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess. In some embodiments, the hub of the IO device and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the drive hub has a circular outer cross-sectional shape.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess, the at least one opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; at least one ball movably disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub; a collar movably disposed around the drive hub and having an interior surface defining at least one detent adjacent the drive hub; where the collar is movable between (i) a first position in which the at least one detent of the collar is aligned with the at least one opening such that the at least one ball can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit a hub of an intraosseous (IO) device having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the at least one detent of the collar is not aligned with the at least one opening such that if a hub of an IO device having at least one detent is disposed in the recess such that the at least one detent of the hub is aligned with the opening, the IO device is prevented from being removed from the recess. In some embodiments, the collar is biased toward the second position. In some embodiments, the hub of the IO device and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, and the drive hub has at least one second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess, the at least one second opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the second recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; the coupler further comprising at least one second ball movably disposed in the at least one second opening in the drive hub; a second collar movably disposed around the drive hub and having an interior surface defining at least one second detent adjacent the drive hub; where the second collar is movable between (i) a first position in which the at least one second detent of the second collar is aligned with the at least one second opening such that the at least one second ball can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit a driveshaft having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the second recess, and (ii) a second position in which the at least one second detent of the collar is not aligned with the at least one second opening such that if driveshaft of a driver having at least one second detent is disposed in the second recess such that the at least one second detent is aligned with the opening, the driveshaft is prevented from being removed from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; at least one set screw with a spring-loaded ball, the at least one set screw disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub such that the ball is biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a driveshaft having at least one detent is inserted into the recess (i) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one set screw will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one set screw will move into the at least one detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one ball to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, where the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, and the drive hub has at least one second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess; the coupler further comprising at least one second set screw with a spring-loaded ball, the at least one second set screw disposed in the at least one second opening in the drive hub such that the ball is biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a hub of an IO device having at least one second detent is inserted into the recess (i) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one second set screw will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one second detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one second set screw will move into the at least one second detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one second ball to resist removal of the IO device from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an intraosseous (IO) device, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; at least one set screw with a spring-loaded ball, the at least one set screw disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub such that the ball is biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured such that if a hub of an IO device having at least one detent is inserted into the recess (i) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one set screw will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) the spring-loaded ball of the at least one set screw will move into the at least one detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one ball to resist removal of the IO device from the recess. In some embodiments, the hub of the IO device and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the drive hub having a sidewall with an opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; a screw having an enlarged head and a threaded shaft with a distal end, the screw threaded into the opening with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the screw is rotatable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the recess to permit a driveshaft having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the distal end extends into the recess such that if a driveshaft having a detent is disposed in the recess such that the detent of the driveshaft is aligned with the opening, the driveshaft is prevented from being removed from the recess. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, and the drive hub has a second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess; the coupler further comprising a second screw having an enlarged head and a threaded shaft with a distal end, the screw threaded into the second opening with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the second screw is rotatable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the second recess to permit a hub of an IO device having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the distal end extends into the second recess such that if a hub of an IO device having a detent is disposed in the recess such that the detent of the hub is aligned with the opening, the IO device is prevented from being removed from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an intraosseous (IO) device, the drive hub having a sidewall with an opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; a screw having an enlarged head and a threaded shaft with a distal end, the screw threaded into the opening with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the screw is rotatable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the recess to permit a hub of an IO device having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the distal end extends into the recess such that if a hub of an IO device having a detent is disposed in the recess such that the detent of the hub is aligned with the opening, the IO device is prevented from being removed from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the drive hub having a sidewall with an opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; a pin having a distal end configured to be inserted into the opening such that the pin extends across a majority of a width of the recess; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub; and where the pin is movable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the recess to permit a driveshaft having a transverse passageway to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the pin extends into and across a majority of the recess such that if a driveshaft having a transverse passageway is disposed in the recess such that the transverse passageway is aligned with the opening, the pin extends into the transverse passageway to prevent the driveshaft from being removed from the recess. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an IO device, and the drive hub has a second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess; the coupler further comprising a second pin having a distal end configured to be inserted into the second opening such that the pin extends across a majority of a width of the second recess; where the second pin is movable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the second recess to permit a driveshaft having a transverse passageway to be inserted into or removed from the second recess, and (ii) a second position in which the second pin extends into and across a majority of the second recess such that if a hub of an IO device having a transverse passageway is disposed in the second recess such that the transverse passageway is aligned with the opening, the pin extends into the transverse passageway to prevent the IO device from being removed from the second recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an intraosseous (IO) device, the drive hub having a sidewall with an opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess; a pin having a distal end configured to be inserted into the opening such that the pin extends across a majority of a width of the recess; where the pin is movable between (i) a first position in which the distal end does not extend into the recess to permit a hub of an IO device having a transverse passageway to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the pin extends into and across a majority of the recess such that if a hub of an IO device having a transverse passageway is disposed in the recess such that the transverse passageway is aligned with the opening, the pin extends into the transverse passageway to prevent the IO device from being removed from the recess.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver; a resilient clamp having a substantially circular interior, the clamp configured to be movable between (i) a contracted position in which the interior has a first transverse dimension, and (ii) an expanded position in which the interior has a second transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension, where the resilient clamp is biased toward the contracted position; where the first end of the drive hub has a transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension of the clamp, and that is larger than a transverse dimension of the driveshaft; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to abut an intraosseous (IO) device such that the clamp can be disposed around the drive hub and the IO device to resist separation of the IO device from to the drive hub. In some embodiments, the drive hub has a cross-section with a circular central portion and a projection extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the drive hub is not configured to receive a portion of the IO device. In some embodiments, the drive hub is configured to abut an IO device such that the clamp can be disposed around and in contact with the drive hub and the IO device to resist separation of the IO device from the drive hub. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a sidewall defining a recess configured to receive a hub of the IO device, the sidewall having at least one slot extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess in the first end. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub includes a sidewall defining a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the sidewall having at least one slot extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess in the second end, the coupler further comprising a second resilient clamp having a substantially circular interior, the second clamp configured to be movable between (i) a contracted position in which the interior has a first transverse dimension, and (ii) an expanded position in which the interior has a second transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension, where the second resilient clamp is biased toward the contracted position; where the second end of the drive hub has a transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension of the clamp, and that is larger than a transverse dimension of the driveshaft; where the recess in the second end of the drive hub is configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver such that the clamp can be disposed around the drive hub and the driveshaft to resist separation of the drive hub from the driveshaft.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a sidewall defining a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the sidewall having at least one slot extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess in the second end; a resilient clamp having a substantially circular interior, the clamp configured to be movable between (i) a contracted position in which the interior has a first transverse dimension, and (ii) an expanded position in which the interior has a second transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension, where the resilient clamp is biased toward the contracted position; where the second end of the drive hub has a transverse dimension that is larger than the first transverse dimension of the clamp; and where the recess is configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver such that the clamp can be disposed around the drive hub and the driveshaft to resist separation of the drive hub from the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the recess is configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver such that the clamp can be disposed around and in contact with the drive hub and the driveshaft to resist separation of the drive hub from the driveshaft.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a plurality of movable prongs configured to grasp a hub of an intraosseous (IO) device; a collar movably disposed around the drive hub; where the collar is movable between (i) a first position in which the plurality of prongs can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit an IO device to be inserted into or removed from the plurality of prongs, and (ii) a second position in which the collar constrains the plurality of prongs such that if a hub of an IO device is disposed between the plurality of prongs, the prongs resist removal of the IO device from the plurality of prongs. In some embodiments, the collar is biased toward the second position. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub includes including a second plurality of movable prongs configured to grasp a driveshaft of a driver, the coupler further comprising a second collar movably disposed around the drive hub; where the second collar is movable between (i) a first position in which the second plurality of prongs can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit a driveshaft to be inserted into or removed from the second plurality of prongs, and (ii) a second position in which the second collar constrains the second plurality of prongs such that if a hub of an IO device is disposed between the second plurality of prongs, the second plurality of prongs resists removal of IO device from the second plurality of prongs.

Some embodiments of the present couplers comprise a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the recess having a proximal end and a distal end; a magnetic ring disposed around a perimeter of the recess between the proximal end of the recess and the distal end of the recess; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub. In some embodiments, the recess has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the magnetic ring defines a step within the recess. In some embodiments, the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the recess having a proximal end and a distal end, the coupler further comprising a second magnetic ring disposed around a perimeter of the second recess between the proximal end of the second recess and the distal end of the second recess. In some embodiments, the recess has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the second magnetic ring defines a step within the second recess. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub comprises a flange extending outwardly relative to an axis of rotation of the drive hub.

Some embodiments of the present drivers comprise a housing; a power source; a driveshaft coupled to the power source such that the power source can cause the driveshaft to rotate; and a coupler of having any of the disclosed features or characteristics, where the drive hub is configured to be coupled to the driveshaft such that at least a portion of the drive hub is disposed outside the housing. In some embodiments, a portion of the driveshaft is tapered. In some embodiments, the drive hub is unitary with the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the power source comprises a spring. In some embodiments, the drivers further comprise an electric motor coupled to the driveshaft and the power source. In some embodiments, the driveshaft has a distal end including male threads corresponding to the female threads in the second end of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the driveshaft has a distal end with a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the distal end of the driveshaft comprises one or more projections extending outward relative to an axis of rotation of the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the distal end of the driveshaft has a cross-section that is a different shape than a cross-section of the recess in the second end of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the driveshaft comprises a cross-section with a circular central portion and a projection extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the drivers comprise an element comprising at least one of a magnet and a magnetically-attractive material, the element coupled to the driveshaft and spaced apart from the distal end of the driveshaft; where the element of the driver is configured to magnetically couple to the magnetic ring of the coupler if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess in the second end of the coupler. In some embodiments, the element is disposed within the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the element comprises a ring disposed around the driveshaft.

Some embodiments of the present drivers comprise a housing having a body portion and a shroud portion, the body portion having a sidewall defining a distal end, and the shroud portion having a cylindrical sidewall extending from the distal end of the body portion, the shroud portion having an open distal end; a power source; and a driveshaft disposed in the body portion of the housing and coupled to the power source such that the power source can cause the driveshaft to rotate, the driveshaft having a distal end extending from the body portion and into the shroud portion; where the driver is configured to be coupled to an IO device having a hub with a recess sized to receive the distal end of the driveshaft, such that the distal end of the driveshaft extends into the recess and the hub of the IO device is at least partially disposed in the shroud portion of the housing. In some embodiments, the drivers comprise a plate having an opening, the plate disposed in the shroud portion of the housing with the driveshaft aligned with the opening such that the plate is movable within the shroud along a length of the driveshaft; and a spring disposed between the plate and the distal end of the body portion of the housing such that the spring biases the plate in a direction toward the open end of the shroud portion. In some embodiments, the shroud portion comprises a lip extending inward toward the driveshaft and configured to prevent the plate from exiting the shroud portion. In some embodiments, the shroud portion of the housing has one or more projections extending in a direction away from the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the one or more projections comprise two projections extending in opposite directions. In some embodiments, the shroud portion comprises one or more resilient portions and one or more substantially rigid portions, and the one or more projections extend from the one or more resilient portions such that the one or more projections are movable relative to the driveshaft. In some embodiments, the shroud portion has two elongated grooves in an outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall, the two elongated grooves extending in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to rotational axis of the driveshaft.

Some embodiments of the present kits comprise a driver having any of the disclosed features or characteristics and an intraosseous (IO) device comprising a first hub having a cannula coupled in fixed relation to the hub, the cannula having a distal end extending from a distal of the hub; where the IO device is configured to be coupled to the first end of the drive hub of the coupler. As described below, any couplers having the disclosed features or characteristics may be included. In some embodiments, the IO device is configured to be coupled to the first end of the drive hub such that the drive hub contacts the first hub of the IO device. In some embodiments, the IO device further comprises a second hub configured to be coupled to the first hub. In some embodiments, the second hub has a trocar with a distal end extending from the second hub, and the second hub is configured to be coupled to the first hub such that the trocar extends through a longitudinal passage of the trocar. In some embodiments, the IO device is configured to be coupled to the first end of the drive hub of the coupler such that the drive hub contacts the second hub of the IO device. In some embodiments, the second hub of the IO device is unitary with the drive hub of the coupler. In some embodiments, the second hub of the IO device comprises male threads corresponding to female threads of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the second hub of the IO device has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the second hub of the IO device comprises one or more projections extending outward relative to an axis of rotation of the IO device. In some embodiments, the second end of the drive hub has a cross-section that is a different shape than a cross-section of the recess in the first end of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the first hub is configured to be inserted into the recess in the first end of the drive hub of the coupler. In some embodiments, the second hub is configured to be inserted into the recess in the first end of the drive hub. In some embodiments, the second hub comprises a projection with at least one detent. In some embodiments, the second hub comprises a projection with a transverse passageway extending transversely across at least a portion of the projection. In some embodiments, the kits can comprise a sleeve configured to be rotatably coupled to one or more of the first hub and the second hub of the IO device, the sleeve including a proximal portion configured to fit over the shroud portion of the housing to couple the IO device to the driver. In some embodiments, the proximal portion of the sleeve comprises one or more L-shaped slots configured to receive the one or more projections if the proximal portion of the sleeve is disposed over the shroud portion of the housing such that the sleeve can be rotated relative to the shroud portion to resist removal of the IO device from the driver. In some embodiments, the proximal portion of the sleeve includes an interior surface defining one or more detents configured to receive the one or more projections of the shroud portion. In some embodiments, the kits can further comprise a sleeve rotatably coupled to one or more of the first hub and the second hub of the IO device, the sleeve including a proximal portion configured to fit over the shroud portion of the housing if the IO device is coupled to the driver; and a resilient U-shaped clip having two legs; where the proximal portion of the sleeve comprises two elongated openings configured to align with the elongated grooves in the shroud portion if the proximal portion of the sleeve is disposed on the shroud portion; and where the clip is configured to extend over the proximal portion of the sleeve with the two legs extending through the elongated openings in the sleeve and into the elongated grooves to resist removal of the sleeve and IO device from the driver. In some embodiments, the second hub comprises a cross-section with a circular central portion and a projection extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the second hub.

Any embodiment of any of the devices, systems, and methods can consist of or consist essentially of—rather than comprise/include/contain/have—any of the described steps, elements, and/or features. Thus, in any of the claims, the term “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” can be substituted for any of the open-ended linking verbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim from what it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb.

The feature or features of one embodiment may be applied to other embodiments, even though not described or illustrated, unless expressly prohibited by this disclosure or the nature of the embodiments.

Details associated with the embodiments described above and others are presented below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings illustrate by way of example and not limitation. For the sake of brevity and clarity, every feature of a given structure is not always labeled in every figure in which that structure appears. Identical reference numbers do not necessarily indicate an identical structure. Rather, the same reference number may be used to indicate a similar feature or a feature with similar functionality, as may non-identical reference numbers. The embodiments of the present drivers, coupler assemblies, intraosseous (IO) devices, and their components shown in the figures are drawn to scale for at least the embodiments shown.

FIG. 1A depicts a perspective view of one embodiment of the present intraosseous devices having a first embodiment of a cannula and a first embodiment of a stylet.

FIG. 1B depicts a perspective view of a second embodiment of the present cannulas.

FIGS. 1C and 1D depict a perspective views of a third embodiment of the present IO devices having a second embodiment of the present stylets disposed in the cannula of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 1E and IF depict perspective views of a fourth embodiment of the present IO devices having a stylets, trocars, or inner penetrators disposed in a cannula or outer penetrator.

FIG. 2 depicts a cross-sectional side view of one embodiment of the present drivers.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict various views of a first embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 4A-4C depict various views of a second embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 5A-5D depict various views of a third embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 6A-6E depict various views of a fourth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 7A-7C depict various views of a fifth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 8A-8C depict various views of a sixth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 9A-9C depict various views of a seventh embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 10A-10D depict various views of an eighth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 11A-11D depict various views of a ninth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 12A-12D depict various views of a tenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 13A-13C depict various views of an eleventh embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 14A-14B depict side cross-sectional views of a powered driver for use with at least some embodiments of the present couplers.

FIGS. 15A-15C depict various views of embodiment of a powered driver 200 m for use with at least some embodiments of the present couplers.

FIGS. 16A-16C depict various views of a twelfth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 17A-17D depict various views of a thirteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 18A-18C depict various views of a fourteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 19A-19C depict various views of a fifteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 20A-20B depict side cross-sectional views of a sixteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 21A-21C depict various views of a seventeenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 22A-22B depict side cross-sectional views of an eighteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 23A-23B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a nineteenth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 24A-24B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twentieth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 25A-25B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twenty-first embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 26A-26E depict various views of a twenty-second embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 27A-27C depict various views of a twenty-third embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 28A-28C depict various views of a twenty-fourth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 29A-29D depict various views of a twenty-fifth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 30A-30C depict various views of a twenty-sixth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 31A-31D depict various views of a twenty-seventh embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 32A-32C depict various views of a twenty-eighth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 33A-33B depict cutaway perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twenty-ninth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 34A-34C depict various views of a thirtieth embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

FIGS. 35A-35C depict various views of a thirty-first embodiment of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver and an IO device.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The term “coupled” is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically; two items that are “coupled” may be unitary with each other. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless this disclosure explicitly requires otherwise. The term “substantially” is defined as largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified (and includes what is specified; e.g., substantially 90 degrees includes 90 degrees and substantially parallel includes parallel), as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. In any disclosed embodiment, the terms “substantially,” “approximately,” and “about” may be substituted with “within [a percentage] of” what is specified, where the percentage includes 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 percent.

The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”) and “contain” (and any form of contain, such as “contains” and “containing”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a driver or coupler assembly that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those elements. Likewise, a method that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more steps possesses those one or more steps, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps.

Further, a device or system (or an element of a device or system) that is configured in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but it can also be configured in other ways than those specifically described.

Various types of coupler assemblies incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage one end of a shaft extending from a driver with one end of an intraosseous device. For some embodiments, the powered driver may include a driveshaft having one end with a non-circular (e.g., generally hexagonal) cross section operable to be releasably engaged with a latch mechanism disposed proximate (e.g., in) one end of a coupler assembly. For some embodiments, a coupler assembly incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be referred to as a “hands free” coupler, a quick disconnect or quick release coupler, and/or a port assembly.

A powered driver may be used to insert an IO device incorporating teachings of the present disclosure into a selected target area or target site in ten seconds or less. However, various teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to use with powered drivers. Manual drivers and spring powered drivers may also be used with IO devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure.

Examples of manual drivers are shown in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 11/042,912 entitled Manual Intraosseous Device filed Jan. 25, 2005 (published as US 2005/0165404). The term “fluid” may be used in this application to include liquids such as, but not limited to, blood, water, saline solutions, IV solutions, plasma, or any mixture of liquids, particulate matter, dissolved medication, and/or drugs associated with biopsy or aspiration of bone marrow or communication of fluids with bone marrow or other target sites. The term “fluid” may also be used in this patent application to include any body fluids and/or liquids containing particulate matter such as bone marrow and/or cells that may be withdrawn from a target area.

The terms “harvest” and “harvesting” may be used in this application to include bone and/or bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone and/or bone marrow biopsy (sometimes referred to as “needle biopsy”) may be generally described as removing a relatively small piece or specimen of bone and/or bone marrow from a selected target area for biopsy purposes. Bone marrow aspiration (sometimes referred to as “bone marrow sampling”) may be generally described as removing larger quantities of bone marrow from a selected target area. Relatively large quantities of bone marrow may be used for diagnostic, transplantation, and/or research purposes. For example, some stem cell research techniques may require relatively large quantities of bone marrow.

The terms “insertion site,” “penetration site,” and “installation site” may be used in this application to describe a location on a bone at which an intraosseous device may be inserted or drilled into the bone and associated bone marrow. Insertion sites, penetration sites, and installation sites are generally covered by skin and soft tissue.

The term “intraosseous (IO) device” may be used in this application to include, but is not limited to, any hollow needle, hollow drill bit, penetrator assembly, bone penetrator, catheter, cannula, trocar, stylet, inner penetrator, outer penetrator, IO needle, biopsy needle, aspiration needle, IO needle set, biopsy needle set ,or aspiration needle set operable to provide access to an intraosseous space or interior portions of a bone. Such IO devices may be formed, at least in part, from metal alloys such as 304 stainless steel and other biocompatible materials associated with needles and similar medical devices.

Embodiments of the present coupler assemblies can be included in medical procedure trays, such as those disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874).

Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1A, shown therein and designated by the reference numeral 100 is one embodiment of the present intraosseous (IO) needle sets or aspiration needle sets. Aspiration needle set 100 a comprises a hollow outer penetrator or cannula 110 a, a corresponding inner penetrator or stylet (or trocar) 120, and a hub assembly 130 a. In the embodiment shown, first end 111 a of cannula 110 a and first end 121 of stylet 120 are operable or configured to penetrate a bone and associated bone marrow. Various features of first end 111 a of cannula 110 a and first end 121 of stylet 120 are shown in more detail in FIGS. 1B-1D. First end 101 of IO needle set 100 corresponds generally with first end 111 a of cannula 110 a and first end 121 of stylet 120.

In the embodiment shown, cannula 110 a includes a plurality of markings 104 disposed on exterior portions of the cannula. Markings 104 may be referred to as “positioning marks” or “depth indicators,” and may be used to indicate the depth of penetration of needle set 100 into a bone and associated bone marrow. In some embodiments, cannula 110 a may have a length of approximately sixty (60) millimeters and/or a nominal outside diameter of approximately 0.017 inches (e.g., corresponding generally to the dimensions of a sixteen (16) gauge needle). Cannula 110 a and/or stylet 120 may be formed from stainless steel or other suitable biocompatible materials. In some embodiments, markings 104 are spaced at one (1) centimeter intervals on exterior portions of cannula 110 a. In some embodiments, one or more side ports 106 may be formed in exterior portions of cannula 110 a spaced from first end 111 a.

Hub assembly 130 a may be configured and/or used to releasably dispose stylet 120 within the longitudinal bore or lumen of cannula 110 a. In the embodiment shown, hub assembly 130 a includes a first hub 140 a and a second hub 150 a. A second end of cannula 110 a, opposite from first end 111 a, may be securely engaged with hub 140 a. The second end of stylet 120, opposite from first end 121, may be securely engaged with the first end of hub 150 a. As shown in FIG. 1A, cannula 110 a may extend longitudinally from first end 141 of hub 140 a. Stylet 120 may also extend from the first end of hub 150 a. The second end of hub 140 a may include a standard Luer lock fitting which may be releasably engaged with a corresponding Luer lock fitting disposed within the first end of second hub 150 a. The Luer lock fitting disposed on the second end of hub 140 a may be in fluid communication with the bore or passage in cannula 110 a, and may be operable to be releasably engaged with a standard syringe type fitting and/or a standard intravenous (IV) connection. In the embodiment shown, hub 150 a includes second end 152 that generally corresponds with second end 132 of hub assembly 130 a and second end 102 of IO needle set 100. Hub 140 a may include first end 141 which may generally correspond with first end 131 of hub assembly 130 a. Cannula 110 a may extend longitudinally from first end 141 of hub 140 a and first end 131 of hub assembly 130.

In the embodiment shown, the second end of a hub assembly may be operable to be disposed within a receptacle formed in a coupler assembly, as described in more detail below. One feature of the present disclosure may include forming a hub assembly which may be releasably engaged within a first receptacle disposed in a first end of a coupler assembly (e.g., receptacle 263 proximate first end 261 of elongated core 260 as shown in FIGS. 6A-6B of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874)). The dimensions and configuration of receptacle 263 may be selected to prevent rotation of hub 150 a relative to hub 140 a if hub assembly 130 a is disposed in receptacle 263 (e.g., while inserting (rotating) an IO device into a bone and associated bone marrow). A powered driver may be releasably engaged with a second receptacle disposed in a second end of the coupler assembly (e.g., receptacle 264 proximate second end 262 of elongated core 260 as shown in FIGS. 6A-6B of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874)).

In the embodiment shown, intraosseous device or aspiration needle set 100 a includes first end 151 of hub 150 a spaced from second end 142 of hub 140 a. Portions of stylet 120 extending from first end 151 of hub 150 a are shown slidably disposed within lumen or longitudinal bore 118 of cannula 110 a. Hub assembly 130 a may include first end 131 which may correspond generally with first end 141 of hub 140 a. Hub assembly 130 a may also include second end 132 which may correspond generally with second end 152 of hub 150 a and second end 102 of hub assembly 130 a, as shown. Cannula 110 a may be attached to and extend from first end 141 of hub 140 a. Second end 142 of hub 140 a may include one-half a typical Luer lock connection or fitting operable to be releasably engaged with corresponding portions of a Luer lock connection or fitting disposed in first end 151 of second hub 150 a. For embodiments such as the one shown in FIG. 1A, first end 131 of hub assembly 130 a may correspond with first end 141 of first hub 140 a. Second end 152 of second hub 150 a may correspond with second end 132 of hub assembly 130 a and second end 102 of aspiration needle set 100 a.

At least one portion of hub assembly 130 a may have a generally hexagonal cross section operable to be received within the generally hexagonal cross section of receptacle 263 disposed proximate first end 251 of coupler assembly 250, as shown in FIGS. 6A-6B of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874). For some embodiments, portions of first hub 140 a disposed adjacent to reduced outside diameter portion 143 may have generally hexagonal cross sections, as shown in FIG. 1A. In other embodiments, various cross sections other than hexagonal may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage a powered driver with one end of a coupler assembly and an intraosseous device with an opposite end of the coupler assembly. Aspiration needle sets may include a trocar, stylet or penetrator in combination with an associated cannula, catheter or outer penetrator. However, biopsy needles formed in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure may or may not include a trocar, stylet or inner penetrator.

Hub 140 a may include second end 142 with opening 144 formed therein. A passageway may extend from second end 142 towards first end 141 of hub 140 a, as illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874). A passageway may be operable to communicate fluids with lumen 118 of cannula 100 a. Second end 142 of hub 140 may include various features of a conventional Luer lock connection or fitting, including threads 148, and corresponding threads 158 may be formed within first end 151 of hub 150 a, as shown in FIGS. 6A-6B of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874).

For some applications hub 140 a and hub 150 a may, for example, be formed using injection molding techniques. For such embodiments hub 140 a may include reduced outside diameter portion 143 disposed between first end 141 and second end 142. In a similar manner a plurality of void spaces or cutouts 153 may be formed in hub 150 a adjacent to and extending from second end 152 in the direction of first end 151. The configuration and dimensions of reduced diameter portion 143 and/or cutouts 153 may be varied to optimize associated injection molding techniques and at the same time provide required configurations, dimensions and material strength to allow associated hub assembly 130 a to function as described in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, tip 123 of stylet 120 may be disposed relatively close to a tip of cannula 110 a. For some applications, first end 121 of trocar 120 and first end 111 a of cannula 110 a may be ground at the same time to form adjacent cutting surfaces. Grinding ends 111 a and 121 at the same time may result in forming a single cutting unit to form generally matching cutting edges. Other types of cutting surfaces formed in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure may be discussed later (e.g., as described with reference to FIGS. 1B-1D).

FIGS. 1B-1D show a second example of cutting surfaces and tips which may be formed adjacent to the ends of a cannula and/or an associated trocar in the present embodiments. In the embodiment shown, outer penetrator or cannula 110 b may include first end 111 b having a plurality of cutting surfaces 114 b formed adjacent to opening 116 in first end 111. Opening 116 may communicate with and form a portion of an associated longitudinal bore or lumen 118. For some applications cutting surfaces 114 b may be formed using electrical discharge machining (EDM) techniques or otherwise, as described in WO 2008/033874. In the embodiment shown, first end 111 b has a generally tapered configuration or reduced outside diameter as compared with other portions of cannula 110 b In other embodiments, first end 111 b has an outside diameter that is equal to the outside diameter of other portions of cannula 110 b (e.g., cannula 110 b can have a constant outside diameter along the entire length of the cannula). Cutting surfaces 114 b may, for example, be formed using machine grinding techniques. In some embodiments, such as the one shown, end 111 b of cannula 110 b may include six ground cutting surfaces 114 b with respective crowns 115 therebetween. Forming a biopsy needle set and/or biopsy needle with tapered end 111 b and a plurality of cutting surfaces 114 b and crowns 115 may provide improved drilling performance (e.g., relative to others configurations) when the resulting biopsy needle set and/or biopsy needle is used with a powered driver in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure. For some applications, a helical groove 117 may be formed within longitudinal bore 118 proximate opening 116. Helical groove 117 may assist with retaining a biopsy specimen or a bone marrow specimen within longitudinal bore 118. For example, a single thread may be disposed within the longitudinal bore or lumen of the cannula such that the helical groove 117 is defined between turns of the thread. Various techniques and procedures may be satisfactorily used to place the single thread or otherwise form the helical groove, as described WO 2008/033874.

As shown in FIG. 1C, a biopsy needle set 100 b may include cannula or outer penetrator 110 b with stylet or inner penetrator 120 b slidably disposed therein. The proximal ends of cannula 110 b and stylet 120 b may be similar to those of cannula 110 a and stylet 120 depicted in FIG. 1A (e.g., may include hubs 140 a and 150 a, respectively). For some applications first end 101 of biopsy needle set 100 b may minimize damage to skin and soft body tissue at an insertion site. For some applications inner penetrator or trocar 120 b may include first end 121 having a plurality of cutting surfaces 125 and 126 formed on exterior portions thereof extending from associated tip 123 towards second end of trocar or inner penetrator 120 b. For some applications one or more cutting surfaces 125 may be formed having length 127 extending from tip 123 to associated cutting surfaces 114 b in associated cannula 110 b. One or more cutting surfaces 126 may be formed adjacent to each cutting surface 125 with second length 128. First length 127 may be greater than second length 128. As shown, lengths 127 and 128 are measured parallel to the central longitudinal axis of stylet 120 b. The ratio of first length 127 and second length 128 may be varied in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure to provide optimum performance for penetrating a selected bone and associated bone marrow. Additional details of some embodiments of first end 101 are described in WO 2008/033874.

FIGS. 1E and 1F depict perspective views of a fourth embodiment of the present IO devices having a stylets, trocars, or inner penetrators disposed in a cannula or outer penetrator. In the embodiment shown, device 100 a is configured to provide access to a patient's circulatory system via the patient's bone (e.g., as opposed to extracting a bone-marrow sample). In the embodiment shown, device or penetrator assembly 100 c may include first hub 140 c, connector or second hub 150 c, outer penetrator 110 c, and inner penetrator 120 c. Penetrator assembly 100 c may include an outer penetrator such as a cannula, hollow tube or hollow drill bit and an inner penetrator such as a stylet or trocar. Various types of stylets and/or trocars may be disposed within an outer penetrator. For some applications outer penetrator or cannula 110 c may be described as a generally elongated tube sized to receive inner penetrator or stylet 120 c therein. Portions of inner penetrator 120 c may be disposed within longitudinal passageway 118 extending through outer penetrator 110 c. The outside diameter of inner penetrator 120 c and the inside diameter of longitudinal passageway 118 may be selected such that inner penetrator 120 c may be slidably disposed within outer penetrator 110 c.

Metallic disc 170 may be disposed within opening 186 for use in releasably attaching connector 150 c with a magnet disposed on a driveshaft (e.g., driveshaft 222 of driver 200 shown in FIG. 2), such as, for example, on end of the driveshaft (e.g., end 224 of driveshaft 222). End 122 of inner penetrator 120 c may be spaced from metallic disc 170 with insulating or electrically nonconductive material disposed therebetween. In other embodiments, disc 170 can be magnetic or magnetized to be attracted to a driveshaft (e.g., 222) that is metallic). Tip 111 c of outer penetrator 110 c and/or tip 121 of inner penetrator 120 c may be operable to penetrate bone and associated bone marrow. The configuration of tips 111 c and/or 121 may be selected to penetrate a bone or other body cavities with minimal trauma. First end or tip 121 of inner penetrator 120 c may be trapezoid shaped and may include one or more cutting surfaces. In one embodiment outer penetrator 110 c and inner penetrator 120 c may be ground together as one unit during an associated manufacturing process. Providing a matching fit allows respective tips 111 c and 121 to act as a single drilling unit which facilitates insertion and minimizes damage as portions of penetrator assembly 100 c are inserted into a bone and associated bone marrow. Outer penetrator 110 c and/or inner penetrator 120 c may be formed from stainless steel, titanium or other materials of suitable strength and durability to penetrate bone.

Hub 140 c may be used to stabilize penetrator assembly 100 c during insertion of an associated penetrator into a patient's skin, soft tissue and adjacent bone at a selected insertion site. Second end 142 of hub 140 c may be operable for releasable engagement or attachment with associated connector 150 c. First end 141 of hub 140 c may have a size and configuration compatible with an associated insertion site for outer penetrator 110 c. Connector 150 c and attached inner penetrator 120 c may be releasably engaged with each other by Luer type fittings, threaded connections or other suitable fittings formed on second end 142 of hub 140 c. Outer penetrator 110 c extends from first end 141 of hub 140 c. For some applications connector 150 c may be described as a generally cylindrical tube defined in part by second end 152 and first end 151. The exterior of connector 150 c may include an enlarged tapered portion adjacent to end 181. A plurality of longitudinal ridges 190 may be formed on the exterior of connector 150 c to allow an operator to grasp associated penetrator assembly 100 c during attachment with a driveshaft. Longitudinal ridges 190 also allow connector 150 c to be grasped for disengagement from hub 140 c when outer penetrator 110 c has been inserted into a bone and associated bone marrow.

First end 151 of connector 150 c may include opening 185 sized to receive second end 142 of hub 140 c therein. Threads 158 may be formed in an opening adjacent to first end 151 of connector 150 c, as shown. Threaded fitting 158 may be used in releasably attaching connector 150 c with threaded fitting 148 adjacent to second end 142 of hub 140 c. Second end 142 of hub 140 c may include a threaded connector 148 or other suitable fittings formed on the exterior thereof. Second end 142 may have a generally cylindrical pin type configuration compatible with releasably engaging second end or box end 182 of connector 150 c. For some applications end 141 of hub 140 c may have the general configuration of a flange. Angular slot or groove 188 sized to receive one end of protective cover or needle cap 234 may be formed in end 202. Slot or groove 204 may be used to releasable engage a needle cover (not expressly shown) with penetrator assembly 100 c.

For some applications a penetrator assembly may include only a single, hollow penetrator. For other applications a penetrator assembly may include an outer penetrator such as a cannula, hollow needle or hollow drill bit and an inner penetrator such as a stylet, trocar or other removable device disposed within the outer penetrator. Penetrator 110 c is one example of a single, hollow penetrator or cannula. The size of a penetrator may vary depending upon the intended application for the associated penetrator assembly. Penetrators may be relatively small for pediatric patients, medium size for adults and large for oversize adults. By way of example, a penetrator may range in length from five (5) mm to thirty (30) mm. The diameter of a penetrator may range from eighteen (18) gauge to ten (IO) gauge. The length and diameter of the penetrator used in a particular application may depend on the size of a bone to which the apparatus may be applied. Penetrators may be provided in a wide variety of configurations depending upon intended clinical purposes for insertion of the associated penetrator. For example, there may be one configuration for administering drugs and/or fluids to a patient's bone marrow and an alternative configuration for sampling bone marrow and/or blood from a patient.

For some applications connector 150 c may be described as having a generally cylindrical configuration defined in part by second end 152 and first end 151. Exterior portions of connector 150 c may include an enlarged tapered portion adjacent to end 181. A plurality of longitudinal ridges 190 may be formed on the exterior of connector 150 c to allow an operator to grasp associated penetrator assembly 100 c during attachment with a driveshaft. Longitudinal ridges 190 also allow connector 150 c to be grasped for disengagement from hub 140 c when outer penetrator 110 c has been inserted into a bone and associated bone marrow. Second end 152 of connector of 150 c may included opening 186 sized to receive portions driveshaft 52 therein. A plurality of webs 136 may extend radially outward from connector receptacle 186. Webs 136 cooperate with each other to form a plurality of openings 138 adjacent to second end 152. Opening 186 and openings 138 cooperate with each other to form portions of a connector receptacle operable to receive respective portions of a connector (not expressly shown) therein.

FIG. 2 depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a driver that can be used with embodiments of the present drivers, coupler assemblies, and kits. In the embodiment shown, powered driver 200 may be used to insert one of the present intraosseous devices into a bone and associated bone marrow. Powered driver 200 may include housing 210 having a general configuration similar to a small pistol defined in part by handle 214. Various components associated with powered driver 200 may be disposed within housing 210 (e.g., handle 214). For example a power source such as battery pack 216 may be disposed within handle 214. Housing 210 may be formed from relatively strong, heavy duty polymeric materials such as polycarbonate or other satisfactory materials. For some applications housing 210 may be formed in two halves (not expressly shown) which may be joined together with a fluid tight seal to protect various components of powered driver 200 disposed therein.

Motor 218 and gear assembly 220 may be disposed within portions of housing 210 adjacent to handle 214. Motor 218 and gear assembly 220 may be generally aligned with each other. Motor 218 may be rotatably engaged with one end of gear assembly 220. Driveshaft 222 may be rotatably engaged with and extend from another end of gear assembly 220 opposite from motor 218. For some applications both motor 218 and gear assembly 220 may have generally cylindrical configurations. Distal end or first end 211 of housing 210 may include an opening with portions of driveshaft 222 extending through the opening, as shown. For some applications, end 224 or the portion of driveshaft 222 extending from first end 211 of housing 210 may have a generally hexagonal cross section with surfaces 226 disposed thereon. Receptacle 263 disposed in second end 252 of coupler assembly 250 may have a matching generally hexagonal cross section, as shown in FIGS. 6A-6C of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/078207 (published as WO 2008/033874).

Surfaces 226 may extend generally parallel with each other and parallel with respect to a longitudinal axis or rotational axis of driveshaft 222. One or more tapered surfaces 228 may also be formed on end 224 to assist with releasably engaging powered driver 200 with coupler assembly 250. Embodiments of powered driver 200 include speed reduction ratios, for example, of between 60:1 and 80:1, resulting in driveshaft RPMs that are reduced relative to motor RPMs. Coupler assemblies having corresponding openings or receptacles may be releasably engaged with end 224 extending from first end 211 of powered driver 200. For example, end 224 extending from first end 211 of housing 210 may be releasably engaged with receptacle 264 disposed proximate second end 252 of coupler assembly 250, as shown in FIGS. 6A-6B.

For some applications thrust bearing 241 may be disposed between first end or distal end 211 of housing 210 and adjacent portions of gear assembly 220. Thrust bearing 242 may be disposed between second end or proximal end 212 of housing 210 and adjacent portions of motor 218. Thrust bearings 241 and 242 may limit longitudinal movement of motor 218, gear assembly 220 and driveshaft 222 within associated portions of housing 210. Trigger assembly 244 may also be disposed within housing 210 proximate handle 214. Trigger assembly 244 may include trigger or contact switch 246. Motor 218 may be energized and deenergized by alternately depressing and releasing trigger 246. Electrical circuit board 247 may also be disposed within housing 210. Electrical circuit board 247 may be electrically coupled with trigger assembly 244, motor 218, power supply 216 and indicator light 248. For some applications indicator light 248 may be a light emitting diode (LED) or a small more conventional light bulb. For some applications indicator light 248 may be activated when ninety percent (90%) of electrical storage capacity of battery pack 216 has been used. The configuration and dimensions of an intraosseous device formed in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure may vary depending upon respective intended applications for each intraosseous device. For example the length of a biopsy needle formed in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure may vary from approximately five (5) millimeters to thirty (30) millimeters.

Couplers and coupler assemblies incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may function as “quick release mechanisms” operable to engage and disengage an IO device from a powered driver (e.g., a driver disposed within a flexible containment bag or sterile sleeve). In applications involving a flexible containment bag or sterile sleeve, such coupler assemblies may allow rotation of an IO device (e.g., biopsy needle or needle set) without damage to the flexible containment bag or sterile sleeve, and one end of the coupler assembly may be operable to form a fluid seal or fluid barrier with adjacent portions of the containment bag or sterile sleeve. A coupler assembly incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may also be described as a port assembly attached to a containment bag. Such port assemblies may allow easy engagement or disengagement of a powered driver from an IO device and at the same time allow the powered driver to “power in and power out” an IO device from an insertion site. FIGS. 3A-35C depict various embodiments of the present couplers in conjunction with drivers and/or IO devices; because the drivers and/or IO devices are similar in many respects to driver 200 of FIGS. 2 and IO devices 100 a-100 c of FIGS. 1A-1F, the differences in the drivers and/or IO devices are primarily described below.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict various views of a first embodiment 300 a of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 a and an IO device 100 d that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 a comprises a drive hub 304 a having a first end 308 a and a second end 312 a configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 a (of a driver 200 a having a housing 210 a) such that at least a portion of the drive hub is disposed outside the housing of the driver. In the embodiment shown, first end 308 a of drive hub 304 a includes female threads 316 a configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device 100 d, as shown. More particularly, in the embodiment shown, hub assembly 130 d (and more specifically second hub 150 d, in the depicted embodiment) of IO device 100 d includes male threads 320 a corresponding to female threads 316 a. In the embodiment shown, threads 316 a (and 320 a) are configured to tighten if the driver rotates drive hub 304 a and IO device 100 d (coupled to the drive hub) in a clockwise direction. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 a is unitary with driveshaft 222 a (drive hub 304 a and driveshaft 222 a comprise a single piece of material). In other embodiments, drive hub 304 a may be coupled to driveshaft 222 a in any manner (e.g., welding, threads, press-fit, and/or the like) that permits the function described in this disclosure.

FIGS. 4A-4C depict various views of a second embodiment 300 b of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 b and an IO device 100 e that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). Coupler 300 b is similar in some respects to coupler 300 a. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 b comprises a drive hub 304 b having a first end 308 b and a second end 312 b configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 b (of a driver 200 b having a housing 210 b) such that at least a portion of the drive hub is disposed outside the housing of the driver. In the embodiment shown, first end 308 b of drive hub 304 b includes female threads 316 b configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device 100 e, as shown. More particularly, in the embodiment shown, hub assembly 130 e (and more specifically first hub 140 e, in the depicted embodiment) of IO device 100 e includes male threads 320 b corresponding to female threads 316 b. Coupler 300 b differs from coupler 300 a, for example, in that drive hub 304 b includes a recess 324 b that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a). In the embodiment shown, threads 316 b (and 320 b) are configured to tighten if the driver rotates drive hub 304 b and IO device 100 e (coupled to the drive hub) in a clockwise direction. Coupler 300 b further differs from coupler 300 a, for example, in that second end 312 b of drive hub 304 b includes female threads 328 a configured to be coupled to driveshaft 222 b of driver 200 b. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 b has a distal end 224 b and includes male threads 332 b adjacent corresponding to female threads 328 b. In the embodiment shown, second end 312 b of drive hub 304 b comprises a flange 334 b extending outwardly relative to an axis of rotation of the drive hub, as shown. Flange 334 b may, for example, be used to connect coupler 300 b to a containment bag or the like (e.g., as disclosed WO 2008/033874).

FIGS. 5A-5D depict various views of a third embodiment 300 c of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 c and an IO device 100 f that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 c comprises a drive hub 304 c having a first end 308 c and a second end 312 c including a recess 336 c configured to receive driveshaft 222 c of driver 200 c. In this embodiment, second end 312 c is configured such that if driveshaft 222 c is inserted into recess 336 c, an interference fit between drive hub 304 c and driveshaft 222 c will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of drive hub 304 c from driveshaft 222 c). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 c is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel) and has a transverse dimension that is larger than a corresponding transverse dimension of recess 336 c such that as driveshaft 222 c is inserted into recess 336 c, drive hub 304 c will deflect slightly and impart a compressive force on driveshaft 222 c. Drive hub 304 c can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown (FIG. 5D), driveshaft 222 c has a hexagonal cross-sectional shape and recess 336 c has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have similar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., driveshaft 222 c can have a circular cross-sectional shape. To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 c into recess 336 c, one or both of driveshaft 222 c and recess 336 c can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 c can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 c and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 c approaching housing 210 c, and/or recess 336 c can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 c that increases along a portion of recess 336 c approaching first end 308 c). In the embodiment shown, first end 308 c is configured to be coupled to IO device 100 f (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 c is unitary with a portion of hub assembly 130 f (and more specifically unitary with second hub 150 f, in the depicted embodiment).

FIGS. 6A-6E depict various views of a fourth embodiment 300 d of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 d and an IO device 100 g that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 d comprises a drive hub 304 d having a first end 308 d and a second end 312 d including a recess 336 d configured to receive driveshaft 222 d of driver 200 d. In this embodiment, second end 312 d is configured such that if driveshaft 222 d is inserted into recess 336 d, an interference fit between drive hub 304 d and driveshaft 222 d will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of the drive hub from driveshaft). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 d is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel) and has a transverse dimension that is larger than a corresponding transverse dimension of recess 336 d such that as driveshaft 222 d is inserted into recess 336 d, drive hub 304 d will deflect slightly and impart a compressive force on driveshaft 222 d. Drive hub 304 d can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown (FIG. 6E), driveshaft 222 d has a hexagonal cross-sectional shape and recess 336 d has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have similar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., driveshaft 222 d can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 d into recess 336 d, one or both of driveshaft 222 d and recess 336 d can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 d can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 d and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 d approaching housing 210 d, and/or recess 336 d can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 d that increases along a portion of recess 336 d approaching first end 308 d). Further, in this embodiment driveshaft 222 d comprises an enlarged cap member 223 d that can comprise a resilient material (e.g., a resilient polymer) to further facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 d into recess 336 d.

Coupler 300 d further differs from coupler 300 c, for example, in that first end 308 d includes a second recess 340 d that is sized to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 g) of IO device 100 g, and first end 308 d is configured such that if hub 140 g is inserted into recess 340 d , an interference fit between drive hub 308 d and hub 140 g will resist rotation of IO device 100 g relative to drive hub 304 d. As described above for drive hub 304 d and driveshaft 222, drive hub 304 d can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, hub 140 g and recess 340 d have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown (FIG. 6D), hub 140 g has a hexagonal cross-sectional shape and recess 340 d has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have similar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., hub 140 g can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of hub 140 g into recess 340 d, one or both of hub 140 g and recess 340 d can be tapered (e.g., hub 140 g can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at second end 142 and increases along a portion of hub 140 g approaching first end 141, and/or recess 340 d can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at first end 308 d that increases along a portion of recess 340 d approaching second end 312 d). Coupler 300 d further differs from coupler 300 c, for example, in that drive hub 304 d includes a recess 324 d that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a) in combination with first hub 140 g of IO device 100 g.

FIGS. 7A-7C depict various views of a fifth embodiment 300 e of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 e and an IO device 100 h that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 e comprises a drive hub 304 e having a first end 308 e and a second end 312 e including a recess 336 e configured to receive driveshaft 222 e of driver 200 e. In this embodiment, second end 312 e is configured such that if driveshaft 222 e is inserted into recess 336 e, an interference fit between drive hub 304 e and driveshaft 222 e will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of drive hub 304 e from driveshaft 222 e). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 e is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel), and drive hub 304 e includes a plurality of tabs or ribs 344 e (e.g., with a triangular cross-sectional shape, as shown) extending into recess 336 e. In this embodiment, tabs 344 e are configured to deform if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess. In the embodiment shown, recess 336 e has at least one transverse dimension that is larger than a transverse dimension of driveshaft 222 e; however, tabs 344 e extend inward and a transverse distance between opposing tabs 344 e is less than a transverse dimension of driveshaft 222 e, such that tabs 344 e will deflect and/or compress and impart a compressive force on driveshaft 222 e. Drive hub 304 e can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In the embodiment shown, first end 308 e is configured to be coupled to IO device 100 h (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 e is unitary with a portion of hub assembly 130 h (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 h). While not shown in FIGS. 7A-7C, other embodiments can comprise a second recess in first end 308 e with tabs extending into the recess to form an interference fit with a hub of an IO device (e.g., similar to coupler 100 d).

FIGS. 8A-8C depict various views of a sixth embodiment 300 f of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 f and an IO device 100 i that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 f comprises a drive hub 304 f having a first end 308 f and a second end 312 f including a recess 336 f configured to receive driveshaft 222 f of driver 200 f. In this embodiment, second end 312 f is configured such that if driveshaft 222 f is inserted into recess 336 f, an interference fit between drive hub 304 f and driveshaft 222 f will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of drive hub 304 f from driveshaft 222 f). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 f comprises one or more barbs 348 f (e.g., an annular barb surrounding the perimeter of the driveshaft, or one or more discrete barbs disposed around the driveshaft) with a transverse dimension between outermost portions of barb(s) 348 f that is larger than a corresponding transverse dimension of recess 336 f such that as driveshaft 222 f is inserted into recess 336 f, drive hub 304 f will deflect slightly and impart a compressive force on barb(s) 348 f In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 f is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel). Drive hub 304 f can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess have similar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown (FIG. 5D), driveshaft 222 f has an annular barb 348 f with a circular cross-sectional shape and recess 336 f has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., driveshaft 222 f can have a plurality of discrete barbs) and recess 336 f can have a circular cross-sectional shape. To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 f into recess 336 f, one or both of driveshaft 222 f and recess 336 f can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 f can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 f and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 f approaching housing 210 f, as shown, and/or recess 336 f can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 f that increases along a portion of recess 336 f approaching first end 308 f). In the embodiment shown, first end 308 f is configured to be coupled to IO device 100 i (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 f is unitary with a portion of hub assembly 130 i (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 i).

FIGS. 9A-9C depict various views of a seventh embodiment 300 g of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 g and an IO device 100 j that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 g comprises a drive hub 304 f having a first end 308 f and a second end 312 f including a recess 336 f configured to receive driveshaft 222 g of driver 200 g. In this embodiment, second end 312 g is configured such that if driveshaft 222 g is inserted into recess 336 g, an interference fit between drive hub 304 g and driveshaft 222 g will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of the drive hub from driveshaft). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 g comprises one or more barbs 348 g (e.g., an annular barb surrounding the perimeter of the driveshaft, or one or more discrete barbs disposed around the driveshaft) with a transverse dimension between outermost portions of barb(s) 348 g that is larger than a corresponding transverse dimension of recess 336 g such that as driveshaft 222 g is inserted into recess 336 g, drive hub 304 g will deflect slightly and impart a compressive force on barb(s) 348 g. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 g is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel). Drive hub 304 g can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, the driveshaft and the recess have similar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown (FIG. 5D), driveshaft 222 g has an annular barb 348 g with a circular cross-sectional shape and recess 336 g has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., driveshaft 222 g can have a plurality of discrete barbs) and recess 336 g can have a circular cross-sectional shape. To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 g into recess 336 g, one or both of driveshaft 222 g and recess 336 g can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 g can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 g and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 g approaching housing 210 g, as shown, and/or recess 336 g can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 g that increases along a portion of recess 336 g approaching first end 308 g).

Drive hub 304 g differs from drive hub 304 f, for example, in that recess 336 g is defined by a cylindrical wall 352 g that is, in turn, at least partially (e.g., up to entirely, as shown) surrounded by a second (e.g., annular) recess 356 g that permits wall 352 g to flex to facilitate insertion of driveshaft. Drive hub 304 g further differs from drive hub 304 f, for example, in that first end 308 g includes a second recess 340 g that is sized to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 j) of IO device 100 g, and first end 308 g is configured such that if hub 140 j is inserted into recess 340 g, an interference fit between drive hub 308 g and hub 140 j will resist rotation of IO device 100 j relative to drive hub 304 g. As described above, drive hub 304 g can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In some embodiments, hub 140 j and recess 340 g have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown, hub 140 j has a hexagonal cross-sectional shape and recess 340 g has a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have similar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., hub 140 j can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of hub 140 j into recess 340 g, one or both of hub 140 j and recess 340 g can be tapered (e.g., hub 140 j can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at second end 142 and increases along a portion of hub 140 j approaching first end 141, and/or recess 340 g can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at first end 308 g that increases along a portion of recess 340 g approaching second end 312 g). In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 g also includes a recess 324 g configured to receive a portion of hub 140 j (e.g., a hose fitting with an annular barb, as shown; or Luer-lock fitting threads 148 as in hub 140 a). In other embodiments, recess 324 g can be sized to receive a second hub (not shown but similar, for example, to second hub 150 a). In the embodiment shown, recess 324 g is defined by a cylindrical wall 360 g that is, in turn, at least partially (e.g., up to entirely, as shown) surrounded by a second (e.g., annular) recess 364 g that permits wall 360 g to flex to facilitate insertion of driveshaft.

FIGS. 10A-10D depict various views of an eighth embodiment 300 h of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 h and an IO device 100 k that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 h comprises a drive hub 304 h having a first end 308 h and a second end 312 h including a recess 336 h configured to receive driveshaft 222 h of driver 200 h. In this embodiment, second end 312 h is configured such that if driveshaft 222 h is inserted into recess 336 h, an interference fit between drive hub 304 h and driveshaft 222 h will resist rotation of the drive hub relative to the driveshaft (and/or resist removal of drive hub 304 h from driveshaft 222 h). For example, in the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 h is substantially rigid (e.g., comprises a metal such as stainless steel), and drive hub 304 h includes a plurality of tabs or ribs 344 h (e.g., with a triangular cross-sectional shape, as shown) extending into recess 336 h. In this embodiment, tabs 344 e are configured to deform if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess. In the embodiment shown, recess 336 h has at least one transverse dimension that is larger than a transverse dimension of driveshaft 222 h; however, tabs 344 h extend inward and a transverse distance between opposing tabs 344 h is less than a transverse dimension of driveshaft 222 h, such that tabs 344 h will deflect and/or compress and impart a compressive force on driveshaft 222 h. Drive hub 304 h can comprise, for example, a resilient material such as a resilient polymer, or any other material permitting the described function. In the embodiment shown, first end 308 h is configured to be coupled to IO device 100 k (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 h is unitary with a portion of hub assembly 130 k (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 k).

Coupler 300 h differs from coupler 300 e, for example, in the drive hub 304 h defines a recess 336 h that has a depth that is at least 50% greater (e.g., 100% greater) than the length of driveshaft 222 h that is received in recess 336 h, resulting in added length of sidewall 352 h to increase flexibility of sidewall 352 h and thereby facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 h into recess 352 h. Driveshaft 222 h differs from driveshaft 222 e, for example, in that driveshaft 222 h (e.g., distal end 224 h) comprises one or more (e.g., a plurality of, as shown) projections 368 h extending outward relative to an axis of rotation of the driveshaft. In the embodiment shown, projections 368 h are configured to be aligned with tabs 344 h, as shown, to deform tabs 344 h to create the interference fit between the driveshaft and the drive hub. In the embodiment shown, recess 336 h has a circular cross-sectional shape. However, in other embodiments, recess 336 h has a cross-sectional shape that is similar to the cross-sectional shape of driveshaft 222 h (having a circular central portion and one or more peripheral portions (e.g., corresponding to projections 368 h) extending outwardly from the circular central portion; and, in such embodiments, tabs 344 h can each extend into the peripheral portion(s) of the recess). While not shown in FIGS. 10A-10D, other embodiments can comprise a second recess in first end 308 h with tabs extending into the recess to form an interference fit with a hub of an IO device (e.g., similar to coupler 100 d).

FIGS. 11A-11D depict various views of a ninth embodiment 300 i of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 i and an IO device 100 l that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 i comprises a drive hub 304 i having a first end 308 i and a second end 312 i including a recess 336 i configured to receive driveshaft 222 i of driver 200 i. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 i further comprises an adhesive 372 i disposed in the recess and configured to adhere to driveshaft 222 i if driveshaft 222 i is inserted into recess 336 i (e.g., to resist (e.g., interfere with the) removal of driveshaft 222 i from recess 336 i). In the embodiment shown, recess 336 i has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of driveshaft 222 i such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the second recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft. For example, in the embodiment shown, recess 336 i and driveshaft 222 i each has a cross-sectional shape of a circle with a portion removed to result in two opposing flat sides 376 i and 380 i, respectively. Adhesive 372 i can comprise a double-sided tape and/or a liquid or gel adhesive disposed in the recess (e.g., at sides 376 i and/or at the end of distal end of recess 336 i (farthest from second end 312 i)). In other embodiments, the driveshaft and recess can have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., recess 336 i can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 i into recess 336 i, one or both of driveshaft 222 i and recess 336 i can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 i can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 i and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 i approaching housing 210 i, and/or recess 336 i can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 i that increases along a portion of recess 336 i approaching first end 308 i). In the embodiment shown, first end 308 i is configured to be coupled to IO device 1001 (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 i is unitary with a portion of hub assembly 130 l (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 l).

FIGS. 12A-12D depict various views of a tenth embodiment 300 j of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 j and an IO device 100 m that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 j comprises a drive hub 304 j having a first end 308 j and a second end 312 j including a recess 336 j configured to receive driveshaft 222 j of driver 200 j. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 j further comprises an adhesive 372 j disposed in the recess and configured to adhere to driveshaft 222 j if driveshaft 222 j is inserted into recess 336 j (e.g., to resist removal of driveshaft 222 j from recess 336 j). In the embodiment shown, recess 336 j has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of driveshaft 222 j such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the second recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft. For example, in the embodiment shown, recess 336 j and driveshaft 222 j each has a cross-sectional shape of a circle with a portion removed to result in two opposing flat sides 376 j and 380 j, respectively. Further, in this embodiment driveshaft 222 d comprises an enlarged cap member 223 j (on which flats 380 j are disposed) that can comprise a resilient material (e.g., a resilient polymer) to further facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 j into recess 336 j. Adhesive 372 j can comprise a double-sided tape and/or a liquid or gel adhesive disposed in the recess (e.g., at sides 376 j and/or at the end of distal end of recess 336 j (farthest from second end 312 j)). In other embodiments, the driveshaft and the corresponding recess can have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., recess 336 j can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 j into recess 336 j, one or both of driveshaft 222 j and recess 336 j can be tapered (e.g., driveshaft 222 j can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at distal end 224 j and increases along a portion of driveshaft 222 j approaching housing 210 j, and/or recess 336 j can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at second end 312 j that increases along a portion of recess 336 j approaching first end 308 j).

Drive hub 304 j differs from drive hub 304 i, for example, in that first end 308 j includes a second recess 340 j that is sized to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 m) of IO device 100 m. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 j further comprises an adhesive 384 j disposed in recess 340 j and configured to adhere to hub 140 m if hub 140 m is inserted into recess 340 j (e.g., to resist removal of IO device 100 m from recess 340 j). In the embodiment shown, recess 340 j has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of hub 140 m such that if hub 140 m is inserted into the second recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to hub 140 m. For example, in the embodiment shown, recess 340 j and hub 140 m each has a cross-sectional shape of a circle with a portion removed to result in two opposing flat sides 388 j and 392 j, respectively. Adhesive 384 j can comprise a double-sided tape and/or a liquid or gel adhesive disposed in the recess (e.g., at sides 388 j). In other embodiments, hub 140 m and the corresponding recess can have dissimilar cross-sectional shapes (e.g., recess 340 j can have a circular cross-sectional shape). To facilitate insertion of hub 140 m into recess 340 j, one or both of hub 140 m and recess 340 j can be tapered (e.g., hub 140 m can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at second end 142 and increases along a portion of hub 140 m approaching first end 141, and/or recess 340 j can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at first end 308 j that increases along a portion of recess 340 j approaching second end 312 j). Coupler 300 j further differs from coupler 300 i, for example, in that drive hub 304 j includes a recess 324 j that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a) in combination with first hub 140 m of IO device 100 m.

FIGS. 13A-13C depict various views of an eleventh embodiment 300 k of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 k and an IO device 100 n that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 k comprises a drive hub 304 k having a first end 308 k and a second end 312 k configured to be coupled in fixed relation to driveshaft 222 k of driver 200 k (e.g., second end 312 k is unitary with driveshaft 222 k in the embodiment shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 k includes a recess 340 k configured to receive a portion of hub assembly 130 n (e.g., hub 150 n) of IO device 100 n. In the embodiment shown, recess 340 k has a cross-sectional shape (e.g., hexagonal) corresponding to the cross-sectional shape (e.g., hexagonal) of the portion of the IO device such that if the portion of the IO device is inserted into the recess, the drive hub will resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub. To facilitate insertion of hub 150 n into recess 340 k, one or both of hub 150 n and recess 340 k can be tapered (e.g., hub 150 n can have a transverse dimension that is relatively smaller at second end 142 and increases along a portion of hub 150 n approaching first end 141, and/or recess 340 k can have a relatively larger transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) at first end 308 k that increases along a portion of recess 340 k approaching second end 312 k).

FIGS. 14A-14B depict side cross-sectional views of a powered driver 2001 for use with at least some embodiments of the present couplers. In the embodiment shown, driver 200 l comprises: a housing 210 l having a body portion 213 l and a shroud portion 396 l. In this embodiment, body portion 213 l has a sidewall 400 l defining distal end 211 of the body portion, and shroud portion 396 l has a cylindrical sidewall 404 l extending from distal end 211 of the body portion. In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 l has an open distal end 408 l. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 l has a distal end 224 l extending from body portion 213 l (e.g., past distal end 211 and into shroud portion 396 l). In this embodiment, driver 200 l is configured to be coupled to an IO device (e.g., 100 c) having a hub (e.g., 140 c and/or 150 c) with a recess 186 sized to receive distal end 224 l of the driveshaft, such that the distal end of the driveshaft extends into recess 186 and the hub (e.g., 140 c and/or 150 c) of the IO device is at least partially disposed in the shroud portion of the housing. For example, in this embodiment, if IO device 100 c is coupled to driver 200 l, first end 141 of hub 140 c is even with or extends outwardly past distal end 408 l.

FIGS. 15A-15C depict various views of another embodiment of a powered driver 200 m for use with at least some embodiments of the present couplers. Driver 200 m is similar in many respects to driver 200 l, and therefore the differences in driver 200 m will primarily be described here. In the embodiment shown, driver 200 m comprises a plate 412 m having an opening 416 m that is disposed in a shroud portion 396 m with driveshaft 222 m aligned with opening 416 m such that the plate is movable with shroud portion 396 m along a length of the driveshaft. Shroud portion 396 m that is similar to shroud portion 396 l, with the exception that shroud portion 396 m comprises a lip 420 m extending inward toward the driveshaft and configured to prevent the plate from exiting the shroud portion, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 m also comprises a spring 424 m disposed between plate 412 m and distal end 211 of body portion 213 m of housing 210 m such that the spring biases the plate in a direction toward open end 408 m of the shroud portion.

FIGS. 16A-16C depict various views of a twelfth embodiment 300 n of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 n and an IO device 100 o that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 n comprises a drive hub 304 n having a first end 308 n and a second end 312 n including a recess 336 n configured to receive a driveshaft 222 n of a driver 200 n. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 n further comprises one or more (e.g., two, as shown) resilient clips 428 n biased toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub (e.g., and of driveshaft 222 n). For example, in this embodiment, coupler 300 n comprises a hollow sleeve 332 n configured to be disposed around recess 336 n such that driveshaft 222 n, if inserted into the recess, will also be disposed in the hollow sleeve. In this embodiment, resilient clips 428 n are unitary with sleeve 432 n (e.g., comprise a single piece of sheet metal). As described above for other embodiments, recess 336 n has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of driveshaft 222 n such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess, drive hub 304 n will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft. For example, in this embodiment, both of recess 336 n and driveshaft 222 n have non-circular (e.g., elongated) cross-sectional shapes. In the embodiment shown, first end 308 n is configured to be coupled to IO device 100 o (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 n is unitary with a portion of a hub assembly (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 o).

FIGS. 17A-17D depict various views of a thirteenth embodiment 300 o of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 o and an IO device 100 p that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 o comprises a drive hub 304 o having a first end 308 o and a second end 312 o configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 o of driver 200 o (e.g., drive hub 304 o can be unitary with driveshaft 222 o, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 o includes a recess 340 o configured to receive a hub (e.g., second hub 150 p) of IO device 100 p. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 o has a sidewall 436 o with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 o extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 o. In this embodiment, each opening 440 o has an inner cross-sectional area at recess 340 o that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 o also comprises a ball 444 o movably disposed in each opening 440 o; and a resilient c-clip 448 o disposed around the drive hub such that c-clip 448 o biases ball(s) 444 o toward a rotational axis of the drive hub (and of the driveshaft). In the embodiment shown, ball(s) 444 o each has a maximum cross-sectional area that is larger than the inner cross-sectional area of the respective opening 440 o to prevent the ball from falling into recess 340 o if driveshaft 222 o is not disposed in recess 340 o. In this embodiment, second end 312 o of drive hub 304 o is configured such that if a hub (e.g., second hub 150 p) of IO device 100 p (which, in this embodiment, has at least one detent 452 o configured to align with openings 440 o) is inserted into recess 340 o, the c-clip will: (i) allow ball(s) 444 o to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 452 o align with ball(s) 444 o, and (ii) press ball(s) 444 o into detent(s) 452 o when detent(s) 452 o align with ball(s) 444 o to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess. In some embodiments, hub 150 p and/or recess 340 o have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 p relative drive hub 304 o). In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 o has a circular outer cross-sectional shape. In the embodiment shown, hub 150 p includes a projection 456 o that includes detent(s) 452 o.

FIGS. 18A-18C depict various views of a fourteenth embodiment 300 p of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 p and an IO device 100 q that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 p comprises a drive hub 304 p having a first end 308 p and a second end 312 p configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 p of driver 200 p (e.g., drive hub 304 p can be unitary with driveshaft 222 p, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 p includes a recess 340 p configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 q) of IO device 100 q. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 p has a sidewall 436 p with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 p extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 p. In this embodiment, each opening 440 p has an inner cross-sectional area at recess 340 p that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 p also comprises a ball 444 p movably disposed in each opening 440 p; and a resilient c-clip 448 p disposed around the drive hub such that c-clip 448 p biases ball(s) 444 p toward a rotational axis of the drive hub (and of the driveshaft). In the embodiment shown, ball(s) 444 p each has a maximum cross-sectional area that is larger than the inner cross-sectional area of the respective opening 440 p to prevent the ball from falling into recess 340 p if hub 140 q is not disposed in recess 340 p. In this embodiment, second end 312 p of drive hub 304 p is configured such that if a hub (e.g., first hub 140 q) of IO device 100 q (which, in this embodiment, has at least one detent 452 q configured to align with openings 440 p) is inserted into recess 340 p, the c-clip will: (i) allow ball(s) 444 p to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 452 p align with ball(s) 444 p, and (ii) press ball(s) 444 p into detent(s) 452 p when detent(s) 452 p align with ball(s) 444 p to resist removal of hub 140 q from the recess. In some embodiments, hub 140 q and/or recess 340 p have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 140 q relative to drive hub 304 p). In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 p has a circular outer cross-sectional shape.

Coupler 300 p differs from coupler 300 o, for example, in that first end 308 p includes a recess 336 p configured to receive driveshaft 222 p of driver 200 p. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 p has a sidewall 460 p with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 464 p extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 336 p, with each opening 464 p having an inner cross-sectional area at recess 336 p that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area (e.g., at the outer surface of sidewall 460 p). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 p also comprises at least one (e.g., two, as shown) second ball 468 p each movably disposed in an opening 464 p; and a second resilient c-clip 472 p disposed around the drive hub such that the c-clip biases ball(s) 468 p toward a rotational axis of the drive hub (and of the driveshaft). In the embodiment shown, ball(s) 468 p each has a maximum cross-sectional area that is larger than the inner cross-sectional area of the respective opening 464 p to prevent the ball from falling into recess 336 p if driveshaft 222 p is not disposed in recess 340 p. In this embodiment, second end 312 p of the drive hub is configured such that if driveshaft 222 p (which has at least one detent 476 p) is inserted into recess 336 p, the c-clip will: (i) allow ball(s) 468 p to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 476 p aligns with ball(s) 468 p, and (ii) press ball(s) 468 p into detent(s) 476 p when detent(s) 476 p align with ball(s) 468 p to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess. In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 p and/or recess 336 p have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 p relative to driveshaft 222 p). In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 p has a circular outer cross-sectional shape. Coupler 300 p further differs from coupler 300 o, for example, in that drive hub 304 p includes a recess 324 p that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 19A-19C depict various views of a fifteenth embodiment 300 q of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 q and an IO device 100 r that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 q comprises a drive hub 304 q having a first end 308 q and a second end 312 q configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 q of driver 200 q (e.g., drive hub 304 q can be unitary with driveshaft 222 q, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 q includes a recess 340 q configured to receive a hub (e.g., second hub 150 r) of IO device 100 r. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 q has a sidewall 436 q with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 q extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 q. In this embodiment, each opening 440 q has an inner cross-sectional area at recess 340 q that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 q also comprises a ball 444 q movably disposed in each opening 440 q; and a collar 480 q movably disposed around the drive hub and having an interior surface 484 q defining at least one detent 488 q adjacent the drive hub. In this embodiment, collar 480 q is movable between: (i) a first position (FIG. 19B) in which detent(s) 488 q of collar 480 q is aligned with opening(s) 440 q such that ball(s) 444 q can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit a hub (e.g., 150 r) of IO device 100 r having a detent 352 q to be inserted into or removed from recess 340 q (this first position and other such similar positions described in this disclosure may also be characterized as positions that allow the hub to move within the recess without interference from the positive detenting structure (e.g., ball 444 q in this embodiment), and (ii) a second position (FIG. 19C) in which detent(s) 488 q of collar 480 q do not align with opening(s) 440 q such that if a hub (e.g., 150 r) of IO device 100 r having detent(s) 352 q is disposed in recess 340 q such that detent(s) 352 q of hub 150 r align with opening(s) 440 q, IO device 100 r is prevented from being removed from recess 340 q (this second position and other such similar positions described in this disclosure may also be characterized as positions that cause the positive detenting structure (e.g., ball 444 q in this embodiment) to be sufficiently disposed in the detent (e.g., detent(s) 352 q in this embodiment) such that the hub cannot move completely in and out of the recess due to interference with the positive detenting structure). In some embodiments, hub 150 r and/or recess 340 q have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 r relative to drive hub 304 q). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 r includes a projection 356 q that includes detent(s) 352 q. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 q comprises a spring 492 q that biases collar 480 q toward the second position (FIG. 19C). While not shown in FIGS. 19A-19D, other embodiments can comprise a second recess in second end 312 q with openings, balls, and a second collar to engage corresponding detents in a driveshaft of a driver (e.g., similar to coupler 300 p).

FIGS. 20A-20B depict side cross-sectional views of a sixteenth embodiment 300 r of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 r and an IO device 100 s that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 r comprises a drive hub 304 r having a first end 308 r and a second end 312 r configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 r of driver 200 r (e.g., drive hub 304 r can be unitary with driveshaft 222 r, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 r includes a recess 340 r configured to receive a hub 130 s (e.g., second hub 150 s) of IO device 100 s. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 r has a sidewall 436 r with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 r extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 r. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 r also comprises at least one set screw 496 r with a spring-loaded ball 444 r, with set screw(s) 496 r disposed in opening(s) 440 r such that ball 440 r is biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, second end 312 r of drive hub 304 r is configured such that if a hub (e.g., hub 150 s) of IO device 100 s having at least one detent 452 r is inserted into recess 340 r: (i) spring-loaded ball(s) 444 r will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 452 r align with ball(s) 444 r, and (ii) ball(s) 444 r will move into detent(s) 452 r when detent(s) align with ball(s) 444 r to resist removal of the IO device from recess 340 r. In some embodiments, hub 150 s and/or recess 340 s have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 s relative to drive hub 304 r). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 s includes a projection 456 r that includes detent(s) 452 r.

FIGS. 21A-21C depict various views of a seventeenth embodiment 300 s of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 s and an IO device 100 t that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 s comprises a drive hub 304 s having a first end 308 s and a second end 312 s configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 s of driver 200 s. In this embodiment, first end 308 s includes a recess 340 s configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 t) of IO device 100 t. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 s has a sidewall 436 s, a distal portion of which has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 s extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 s. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 s also comprises at least one set screw 496 s with a spring-loaded ball 444 s (these and others like them in this disclosure may also be characterized collectively as a spring-loaded ball plunger and a set screw), with set screw(s) 496 s disposed in opening(s) 440 s such that ball 444 s is biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, second end 312 s of drive hub 304 s is configured such that if a hub (e.g., hub 140 t) of IO device 100 t having at least one detent 352 s is inserted into recess 340 s: (i) spring-loaded ball(s) 444 s will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 352 s align with ball(s) 444 s, and (ii) ball(s) 444 s will move into detent(s) 352 s when detent(s) align with ball(s) 444 s to resist removal of the IO device from recess 340 s. In some embodiments, hub 140 t and/or recess 340 s have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 140 t relative to drive hub 304 s). In the embodiment shown, hub 140 t includes a projection 456 s that includes detent(s) 452 s.

Coupler 300 s differs from coupler 300 r, for example, in that second end 312 s includes a recess 336 s configured to receive driveshaft 222 s of driver 200 s. In the embodiment shown, a proximal portion of sidewall 3460 s (the proximal portion having a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the distal portion referenced above) has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 464 s extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 336 s. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 s also comprises at least one set screw 496 s with a spring loaded ball 444 s, with set screw(s) 496 s disposed in opening(s) 464 s such that ball(s) 444 s are biased in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, second end of drive hub 304 s is configured such that if driveshaft 222 s (which has at least one detent 476 s) is inserted into recess 336 s: (i) ball(s) 444 s of screw(s) 496 s will move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until detent(s) 476 s aligns with ball(s) 444 s, and (ii) ball(s) 444 s of screw(s) 496 s will move into detent(s) 476 s when detent(s) 476 s align with ball(s) 444 s to resist removal of driveshaft 222 s from recess 336 s. In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 s and/or recess 336 s have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 s relative to driveshaft 222 s). In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 s has a circular outer cross-sectional shape. Coupler 300 s further differs from coupler 300 r, for example, in that drive hub 304 s includes a recess 324 s that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 22A-22B depict side cross-sectional views of an eighteenth embodiment 300 t of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 t and an IO device 100 u that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 t comprises a drive hub 304 t having a first end 308 t and a second end 312 t configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 t of driver 200 t (e.g., drive hub 304 t can be unitary with driveshaft 222 t, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 t includes a recess 340 t configured to receive a hub (e.g., second hub 150 u) of IO device 100 u. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 t has a sidewall 436 t with at least one opening 440 t extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 t. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 t also comprises a screw 500 t having an enlarged head 504 t and a threaded shaft 508 t with a distal end 512 t, the screw threaded into opening 440 t with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, screw 500 t is rotatable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 512 t does not extend into recess 340 t to permit hub 150 u of IO device 100 u having a detent 452 t to be inserted into or removed from recess 340 t; and (ii) a second position in which distal end 512 t extends into second recess 340 t such that if hub 150 u of IO device 100 u having detent(s) 452 t is disposed in recess 340 t such that detent 452 t is aligned with opening 440 t (and thereby screw 500 t), IO device 100 u is prevented from being removed from recess 340 t (e.g., as shown in FIG. 22B). In some embodiments, hub 150 u and/or recess 340 t have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 u relative to drive hub 304 t). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 u includes a projection 456 t that includes detent(s) 452 t.

FIGS. 23A-23B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a nineteenth embodiment 300 u of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 u and an IO device 100 v that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 u comprises a drive hub 304 u having a first end 308 u and a second end 312 u configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 u of driver 200 u (e.g., drive hub 304 u can be unitary with driveshaft 222 u, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 u includes a recess 340 u configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 v) of IO device 100 v. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 u has a sidewall 436 u, a distal portion of which has at least one opening 440 u extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 u. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 u also comprises a screw 500 u having an enlarged head 504 u and a threaded shaft 508 u with a distal end 512 u, the screw threaded into opening 440 u with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, screw 500 u is rotatable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 512 u does not extend into recess 340 u to permit hub 130 v (e.g., hub 150 v) of IO device 100 v having a detent 452 u to be inserted into or removed from recess 340 u; and (ii) a second position in which distal end 512 u extends into second recess 340 u such that if hub 150 v of IO device 100 v having detent(s) 452 u is disposed in recess 340 u such that detent 452 u is aligned with opening 440 u (and thereby screw 500 u), IO device 100 v is prevented from being removed from recess 340 u (e.g., as shown in FIG. 23B). In some embodiments, hub 150 v and/or recess 340 u have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 v relative to drive hub 304 u). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 v includes a projection 456 u that includes detent(s) 452 u.

Coupler 300 u differs from coupler 300 t, for example, in that second end 312 u includes a recess 336 u configured to receive driveshaft 222 u of driver 200 u. In the embodiment shown, a proximal portion of sidewall 346 u (the proximal portion having a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the distal portion referenced above) has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 464 u extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 336 u. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 u also comprises a second screw 500 u having an enlarged head 504 u and a threaded shaft 508 u with a distal end 512 u, the second screw threaded into opening 464 u with the distal end facing in a direction toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub. In this embodiment, the second screw is rotatable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 512 u does not extend into recess 336 u to permit driveshaft 222 u (which has a detent 476 u) to be inserted into or removed from recess 336 u, and (ii) a second position in which distal end 512 u extends into recess 336 u such that if driveshaft 222 u having detent 476 u is disposed in recess 336 u such that detent 476 u is aligned with opening 464 u (and thereby screw 500 u), driveshaft 222 u is prevented from being removed from recess 336 u. In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 u and/or recess 336 u have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 u relative to driveshaft 222 u). Coupler 300 u further differs from coupler 300 t, for example, in that drive hub 304 u includes a recess 324 u that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 24A-24B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twentieth embodiment of the present couplers 300 v in combination with a powered driver 200 v and an IO device 100 w that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 v comprises a drive hub 304 v having a first end 308 v and a second end 312 v configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 v of driver 200 v (e.g., drive hub 304 v can be unitary with driveshaft 222 v, as shown). In this embodiment, first end 308 v includes a recess 340 v configured to receive a hub (e.g., second hub 150 w) of IO device 100 w. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 v has a sidewall 436 v with at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 v extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 v. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 v also comprises a pin 520 v having a distal end 524 v configured to be inserted into opening 440 v such that pin 520 v extends across a majority (e.g., all) of a width of recess 340 v (e.g., and through a second opening 440 v on an opposite side of opening 340 v, as shown). In this embodiment, pin 520 v is movable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 524 v does not extend into recess 340 v to permit a hub 150 w of IO device 100 w (which has a transverse passageway 528 w) to be inserted into or removed from recess 340 v, and (ii) a second position in which pin 520 v extends into and across a majority (e.g., all) of recess 340 v (as shown in FIG. 24B) such that if hub 150 w of IO device 100 v having transverse passageway 528 w is disposed in recess 340 v such that transverse passageway 528 w is aligned with opening 440 v, pin 520 v extends into (e.g., through) transverse passageway 528 w to prevent IO device 100 w from being removed from recess 340 v. In some embodiments, such as the one shown, hub 150 w and/or recess 340 v have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 w relative to drive hub 304 v). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 w includes a projection 456 v that includes transverse passageway 528 w.

FIGS. 25A-25B depict perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twenty-first embodiment 300 w of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 w and an IO device 100 x that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 w comprises a drive hub 304 w having a first end 308 w and a second end 312 w configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft 222 w of driver 200 w. In this embodiment, first end 308 w includes a recess 340 w configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 x) of IO device 100 x. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 w has a sidewall 436 w, a distal portion of which has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 440 w extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 w. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 w also comprises a pin 520 w having a distal end 524 w configured to be inserted into opening 440 w such that pin 520 w extends across a majority (e.g., all) of a width of recess 340 w (e.g., and through a second opening 440 w on an opposite side of opening 340 w, as shown). In this embodiment, pin 520 w is movable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 524 w does not extend into recess 340 w to permit a hub 150 x (e.g., hub 130 x) of IO device 100 x (which has a transverse passageway 528 x) to be inserted into or removed from recess 340 w, and (ii) a second position in which pin 520 w extends into and across a majority (e.g., all) of recess 340 w (as shown in FIG. 25B) such that if hub 150 x of IO device 100 x having transverse passageway 528 x is disposed in recess 340 w such that transverse passageway 528 x is aligned with opening 440 w, pin 520 w extends into (e.g., through) transverse passageway 528 x to prevent IO device 100 x from being removed from recess 340 w. In some embodiments, such as the one shown, hub 150 x and/or recess 340 w have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 150 x relative to drive hub 304 x). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 x includes a projection 456 w that includes transverse passageway 528 x.

Coupler 300 w differs from coupler 300 v, for example, in that second end 312 w includes a recess 336 w configured to receive driveshaft 222 w of driver 200 w. In the embodiment shown, a proximal portion of sidewall 436 w of drive hub 304 w (the proximal portion having a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the distal portion referenced above) includes at least one (e.g., two, as shown) opening 464 w extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 336 w. In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 w also comprises a second a pin 520 w having a distal end 524 w configured to be inserted into opening 464 w such that pin 520 w extends across a majority (e.g., all) of a width of recess 340 w (e.g., and through a second opening 464 w on an opposite side of opening 340 v, as shown). In this embodiment, pin 520 v is movable between: (i) a first position in which distal end 524 w does not extend into recess 336 w to permit a driveshaft 222 w driver 200 w (which has a transverse passageway 532 w) to be inserted into or removed from recess 336 w, and (ii) a second position in which pin 520 w extends into and across a majority (e.g., all) of recess 340 w (as shown in FIG. 25B) such that if driveshaft 222 w of driver 200 w having transverse passageway 532 w is disposed in recess 336 w such that transverse passageway 532 w is aligned with opening 464 w, pin 520 w extends into (e.g., through) transverse passageway 532 w to prevent IO device 100 x from being removed from recess 336 w. In some embodiments, such as the one shown, driveshaft 222 w and/or recess 336 w have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 w relative to driveshaft 222 w). Coupler 300 w also differs from coupler 300 v, for example, in that drive hub 304 w includes a recess 324 w that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 26A-26E depict various views of a twenty-second embodiment 300 x of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 x and an IO device 100 y that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, driver 200 x is similar in some respects to driver 200 l described above with reference to FIGS. 14A-14B. For example, driver 200 x comprises a housing 210 x having a body portion 213 x and a shroud portion 396 x. In this embodiment, body portion 213 x has a sidewall 400 x defining distal end 211 of the body portion, and shroud portion 396 x has a cylindrical sidewall 404 x extending from distal end 211 of the body portion. In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 x has an open distal end 408 x. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 x has a distal end 224 x extending from body portion 213 x (e.g., past distal end 211 and into shroud portion 396 x). However, driver 200 x differs from driver 200 l, for example, in that shroud portion 396 x includes one or more (e.g., two, as shown) projections 536 x extending (e.g., in opposite directions) from sidewall 404 x (e.g., and away from driveshaft 222 x). In this embodiment, projections 536 x are shaped as short, circular cylinders.

In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 x comprises a hollow sleeve 544 x configured to be rotatably coupled to a hub (e.g., a first hub and/or a second hub) of IO device 100 y. In this embodiment, sleeve 544 x includes a proximal portion 548 x configured to fit over shroud portion 396 x of housing 210 x (as shown, for example, in FIG. 26B) to couple the IO device to the driver and resist removal of IO device from the driver. In this embodiment, proximal portion 548 x of sleeve 544 x comprises one or more (e.g., two, as shown) L-shaped slots 552 x each configured to receive a projection 536 x if proximal portion 544 x of the sleeve is disposed over shroud portion 396 x such that sleeve 544 x can be rotated in direction 556 x relative to shroud portion 396 x to resist removal of the IO device from the driver (e.g., to lock the sleeve relative to the driver by seating projections 536 x in lateral legs 560 x of slots 552 x, as shown in FIG. 26E). In this embodiment, distal end 561 x of sleeve 544 x includes an openings 564 x (e.g., with a circular cross-section, as shown) through which a portion of IO device 100 y can extend such that the driver can rotate the IO device while sleeve 544 x is coupled in fixed relation to the driver. In the embodiment shown, IO device 100 y comprises an elongated hub assembly 130 y having a first end 131 with a circular cross-section sized to correspond to that of opening 564 x (e.g., that is smaller than a portion of hub 130 y configured to be disposed immediately inside sleeve 544 x). In this embodiment, hub 130 y also comprises a flange 568 x with a circular cross-section that is larger than opening 564 x such that first end 131 can “snap” into opening 564 x to (i) maintain its longitudinal position relative to sleeve 544 x, (ii) create a tortuous path through opening to reduce the likelihood of contaminants traveling through opening 546 x while IO device 100 y is coupled to sleeve 544 x, and (iii) permit IO device 100 y to rotate relative sleeve 544 x.

FIGS. 27A-27C depict various views of a twenty-third embodiment 300 y of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 y and IO device 100 z that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, driver 200 y is similar in some respects to driver 200 x. For example, driver 200 y comprises a housing 210 y having a body portion 213 y and a shroud portion 396 y. In this embodiment, body portion 213 y has a sidewall 400 y defining distal end 211 of the body portion, and shroud portion 396 y has a cylindrical sidewall 404 y extending from distal end 211 of the body portion. In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 y has an open distal end 408 y. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 y has a distal end 224 y extending from body portion 213 y past distal end 211 and into shroud portion 396 y. In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 y includes one or more (e.g., two, as shown) projections 536 y extending (e.g., in opposite directions) from sidewall 404 y (e.g., and away from driveshaft 222 y). Driver 200 y differs from driver 200 x, for example, in that shroud portion 396 y (e.g., sidewall 404 y) comprises one or more (e.g., two, as shown) resilient portions 572 y and one or more substantially rigid portions 576 y, with projections 536 y extending from resilient portions 572 y such that the projections are movable relative to driveshaft 222 y. In this embodiment, resilient portions 572 y and substantially rigid portions 576 y comprise the same material, and resilient portions are created by the placement of slots 580 y between portions 572 y and 576 y such that resilient portions 572 y have less curvature than substantially rigid portions 576 y, and thereby have less resistance at distal end 408 y to bending toward driveshaft 222 y (but still enough resistance to bending to bias resilient portions 572 y toward a position in which portions 572 y are substantially aligned with portions 576 y).

In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 y comprises a hollow sleeve 544 y configured to be rotatably coupled to a hub 130 z (e.g., first hub 140 z and/or second hub 150 z) of IO device 100 z. In this embodiment, sleeve 544 y includes a proximal portion 548 y configured to fit over shroud portion 396 y of housing 210 y (as shown, for example, in FIG. 27B) to couple the IO device to the driver and resist removal of IO device from the driver. In this embodiment, proximal portion 548 y includes an interior surface 584 y defining one or more detents 588 y configured to receive projections 536 y of shroud portion 396 y to resist removal of the IO device from the driver. In this embodiment, sleeve 544 y can be pressed directly over shroud portion 396 y (e.g., FIG. 27B to FIG. 27C) such that proximal portion 548 y will depress projections 536 y (and resilient portions 572 y) until detent(s) 588 y align with detent(s) 588 y, at which point, resilient portions 572 y will return to their resting positions and extend projections 536 y into detent(s) 588 y. In this embodiment, distal end 560 y of sleeve 544 y includes an openings 564 y (e.g., with a circular cross-section, as shown) through which a portion of IO device 100 z can extend such that the driver can rotate the IO device while sleeve 544 y is coupled in fixed relation to the driver. In the embodiment shown, IO device 100 z comprises an elongated hub assembly 130 z having a first end 131 with a circular cross-section sized to correspond to that of opening 564 y (e.g., that is smaller than a portion of hub 130 z configured to be disposed immediately inside sleeve 544 x). In this embodiment, hub 130 z also comprises a flange 568 y with a circular cross-section that is larger than opening 564 y such that first end 131 can “snap” into opening 564 y to (i) maintain its longitudinal position relative to sleeve 544 y, (ii) create a tortuous path through opening to reduce the likelihood of contaminants traveling through opening 546 y while IO device 100 z is coupled to sleeve 544 y, and (iii) permit IO device 100 z to rotate relative sleeve 544 y.

FIGS. 28A-28C depict various views of a twenty-fourth embodiment 300 z of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 z and an IO device 100 aa that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, driver 200 z is similar in some respects to driver 200 y. For example, driver 200 z comprises: a housing 210 z having a body portion 213 z and a shroud portion 396 z. In this embodiment, body portion 213 z has a sidewall 400 z defining distal end 211 of the body portion, and shroud portion 396 z has a cylindrical sidewall 404 z extending from distal end 211 of the body portion. In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 z has an open distal end 408 z. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 z has a distal end 224 z extending from body portion 213 z past distal end 211 and into shroud portion 396 z). In the embodiment shown, shroud portion 396 z includes one or more (e.g., two, as shown) projections 536 z extending (e.g., in opposite directions) from sidewall 404 z (e.g., and away from driveshaft 222 z). Driver 200 z differs from driver 200 y, for example, in that shroud portion 396 z (e.g., sidewall 404 z) comprises one includes two elongated grooves 592 z in an outer surface of cylindrical sidewall 404 z, with grooves 592 z extending in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis of the driveshaft, as shown. In other embodiments, grooves 592 z can be disposed or orientated at any suitable angle relative to driveshaft 222 z.

In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 z comprises a hollow sleeve 544 z configured to be rotatably coupled to a hub (e.g., a first hub and/or a second hub) of IO device 100 aa. In this embodiment, sleeve 544 z includes a proximal portion 548 z configured to fit over shroud portion 396 z of housing 210 z (as shown, for example, in FIG. 28B) to couple the IO device to the driver and resist removal of IO device from the driver. In this embodiment, proximal portion 548 z of the sleeve comprises two elongated openings 596 z that are configured to align with grooves 592 z in shroud portion 396 z if proximal portion 548 z is disposed on shroud portion 396 z. In this embodiment, coupler 300 z also comprises a resilient U-shaped clip 600 z having two legs 604 z, and clip 600 z is configured to extend over proximal portion 548 z with legs 604 z extending through elongated openings 596 z and into elongated grooves 592 z to resist removal of the sleeve and IO device from the driver (as shown in FIGS. 28B and 28C).

FIGS. 29A-29D depict various views of a twenty-fifth embodiment of the present couplers 300 aa in combination with a powered driver 200 aa and an IO device 100 bb that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 aa comprises a drive hub 304 aa having a first end 308 aa and a second end 312 aa configured to be coupled in fixed relation to driveshaft 222 aa of a driver 200 aa (e.g., second end 312 aa is unitary with driveshaft 222 aa in the embodiment shown). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 aa also comprises a resilient clamp 608 aa having a substantially circular interior 612 aa, and configured to be movable between (i) a contracted position (FIG. 29C) in which the interior has a first transverse dimension 616 aa, and (ii) an expanded position (FIG. 29D) in which the interior has a second transverse dimension 620 aa that is larger than first transverse dimension 616 aa. In this embodiment, clamp 608 aa is biased toward the contracted position of FIG. 29C. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 aa has a transverse dimension 624 aa that is larger than dimension 616 aa and that is larger than a transverse dimension (e.g., diameter) of driveshaft 222 a. In this embodiment, first end 308 aa of drive hub 304 aa is configured to abut IO device 100 bb (e.g., a hub 150 bb) such that clamp 608 aa can be disposed around drive hub 304 aa and IO device 100 bb (e.g., around hub 150 bb) to resist separation of the IO device (and, more specifically, hub 150 bb, in this embodiment) from the driver (and, more specifically, drive hub 304 aa, in this embodiment), as shown in FIG. 29A.

In the embodiment shown, hub 150 bb of IO device 100 bb has a cross-section with a circular central portion and a projection 628 aa extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the drive hub, as shown. In this embodiment, clamp 608 aa includes a slot 632 aa between opposing portions of the clamp such that projection 628 aa can be aligned with (disposed in) slot 632 aa to resist rotation of hub 150 bb relative to clamp 608 aa. In some embodiments, drive hub 304 aa can have a cross-section similar to that of hub 150 bb (e.g., having a circular central portion and a projection of the same size(s) as those of hub 150 bb), such that the projection of drive hub 304 aa can align with (disposed in) a second slot 636 aa of clamp 608 aa to resist rotation of drive hub 304 aa relative to clamp 608 aa. In the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 a is not configured to receive a portion of IO device 100 bb (e.g., adjacent ends of the drive hub and IO device abut each other without overlapping longitudinally, as shown). As shown in FIG. 29A, drive hub 304 aa is configured to abut IO device 100 bb such that clamp 608 aa can be disposed around and in contact with drive hub 304 aa and IO device 100 bb to resist separation of the IO device from the drive hub.

FIGS. 30A-30C depict various views of a twenty-sixth embodiment 300 bb of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 bb and an IO device 100 cc that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 bb comprises a drive hub 304 bb having a first end 308 bb and a second end 312 bb. In this embodiment, first end 308 bb of drive hub 304 bb includes a sidewall 640 bb defining a recess 340 bb configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 cc) of IO device 100 cc. In this embodiment, sidewall 640 bb has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) slot 644 bb extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 340 bb. Clamp 608 bb (which is substantially similar to clamp 608 aa described above) is configured to fit over sidewall 640 bb and slot 644 bb permits the sidewall to flex inwardly to clamp hub 140 cc. In the embodiment shown, hub 140 cc of IO device 100 cc has a cross-section with a circular central portion and projections 628 bb extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the drive hub, as shown. In this embodiment, projections 628 bb can be aligned with (e.g., disposed in) slots 644 bb to resist rotation of hub 140 cc relative to drive hub 304 bb. In this embodiment, the transverse dimension of drive hub 304 bb is greater than the contracted transverse dimension of clamp 608 bb such when clamp 608 bb is disposed around first end 308 bb of drive hub 304 bb, clamp 608 bb will contact and apply a compressive force to projections 628 bb (as well as to sidewall 640 bb) to resist separation of the IO device (and, more specifically, hub 140 cc, in this embodiment) from the driver (and, more specifically, drive hub 304 bb, in this embodiment).

In the embodiment shown, second end 312 bb of drive hub 304 bb includes sidewall 648 bb defining a recess 336 bb configured to receive driveshaft 222 bb of driver 200 bb. In this embodiment, sidewall 648 bb has at least one (e.g., two, as shown) slot 652 bb extending through the sidewall in communication with recess 336 bb. Coupler 300 bb also comprises a clamp 656 bb (which is substantially similar to clamp 608 aa described above) that is configured to fit over sidewall 648 bb and slot 652 bb may permit the sidewall to flex inwardly to clamp hub 140 cc. In the embodiment shown, driveshaft 222 bb of driver 200 bb has a cross-section with a circular central portion and projections 660 bb extending from the central portion in a direction away from a rotational axis of the drive hub, as shown. In this embodiment, projections 660 bb can be aligned with (disposed in) slots 652 bb to resist rotation of drive hub 304 bb relative to driveshaft 222 bb. In this embodiment, the transverse dimension of driveshaft 222 bb is greater than the contracted transverse dimension of clamp 656 bb such that when clamp 656 bb is disposed around second end 312 bb of drive hub 304 bb, clamp 656 bb will contact and apply a compressive force to projections 660 bb to resist separation of drive hub 304 bb from driveshaft 222 b. Coupler 300 bb also includes a recess 324 bb that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 31A-31D depict various views of a twenty-seventh embodiment 300 cc of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 cc and an IO device 100 dd that is that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 cc comprises a drive hub 304 cc having a first end 308 cc and a second end 312 cc configured to be coupled in fixed relation to driveshaft 222 cc of driver 200 cc (e.g., second end 312 cc is unitary with driveshaft 222 cc in the embodiment shown). In the embodiment shown, first end 308 aa includes a plurality of movable prongs 664 cc configured to grasp a hub (e.g., second hub 150 dd) of IO device 100 dd; and a collar 668 cc that is movably disposed around drive hub 304 cc, as shown. In this embodiment, collar 668 cc is movable between: (i) a first position (FIGS. 31B and 31C) in which prongs 664 cc can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit IO device 100 dd to be inserted into or removed from the prongs, and (ii) a second position (FIG. 31D) in which collar 668 cc constrains prongs 664 cc such that if hub 150 dd is disposed between prongs 664 cc, prongs 664 cc resist removal of the IO device from the plurality of prongs. In some embodiments, collar 668 cc is biased toward the second position (e.g., by a spring (not shown) disposed between collar 668 cc and housing 210 cc of driver 200 cc). In the embodiment shown, hub 150 dd of IO device 100 dd comprises a projection 456 cc with one or more detents 452 cc that are configured to receive a portion of prongs 664 cc, as shown in FIG. 31D. While not shown in FIGS. 31A-31D, other embodiments can comprise a second plurality of prongs and a second collar at second end 312 cc to engage a driveshaft of a driver (e.g., with corresponding detents).

FIGS. 32A-32C depict various views of a twenty-eighth embodiment 300 dd of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 dd and an IO device 100 ee that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 dd comprises a drive hub 304 dd having a first end 308 dd and a second end 312 dd including a recess 336 dd configured to receive driveshaft 222 dd of driver 200 dd, with recess 336 dd having a proximal end at second end 312 dd and a distal end closer to first end 308 dd. In this embodiment, coupler 300 dd also comprises a ring 672 dd that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 672 dd is disposed around a perimeter of recess 336 dd between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 dd also comprises a ring 676 dd that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 676 dd is disposed around and coupled in fixed relation to driveshaft 222 dd, as shown. Ring 672 dd and ring 676 dd are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when driveshaft 222 dd is inserted into recess 336 dd (FIG. 32C) to resist separation of drive hub 304 dd from driveshaft 222 dd. For example, ring 672 dd and ring 676 dd can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In this embodiment, first end 308 dd of drive hub 304 dd is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 dd is unitary with a portion of the hub assembly of the IO device (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 ee). In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 dd and/or recess 336 dd have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 dd relative to driveshaft 222 dd). As shown, recess 336 dd and ring 672 dd are configured such that ring 672 dd defines a step within the recess between the proximal and distal ends of the recess.

FIGS. 33A-33B depict cutaway perspective and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of a twenty-ninth embodiment 300 ee of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 ee and an IO device 100 ff that is configured to provide access to an interior of a bone (e.g., similar in some respects to IO device 100 c). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 ee comprises a drive hub 304 ee having a first end 308 ee and a second end 312 ee including a recess 336 ee configured to receive driveshaft 222 ee of driver 200 ee, with recess 336 ee having a proximal end at second end 312 ee and a distal end closer to first end 308 ee. In this embodiment, coupler 300 ee also comprises a ring 672 ee that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 672 ee is disposed around a perimeter of recess 336 ee between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 ee also comprises an element 680 ee that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). As shown, element 680 ee is disposed within the perimeter of driveshaft 222 ee and spaced apart from the distal end 224 ee of the driveshaft, as shown. Ring 672 ee and element 680 ee are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when driveshaft 222 ee is inserted into recess 336 ee (FIG. 33B) to resist separation of drive hub 304 ee from driveshaft 222 ee. For example, ring 672 ee and element 680 ee can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In this embodiment, first end 308 ee of drive hub 304 ee is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous (IO) device (e.g., to resist rotation of the IO device relative to the drive hub). For example, in the embodiment shown, drive hub 304 ee is unitary with a portion of the hub assembly of the IO device (e.g., unitary with second hub 150 ff). In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 ee and/or recess 336 ee have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 ee relative to driveshaft 222 ee).

FIGS. 34A-34C depict various views of a thirtieth embodiment 300 ff of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 ff and an IO device 100 gg that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 ff comprises a drive hub 304 ff having a first end 308 ff and a second end 312 ff including a recess 336 ff configured to receive driveshaft 222 ff of driver 200 ff, with recess 336 ff having a proximal end at second end 312 ff and a distal end closer to first end 308 ff. In this embodiment, coupler 300 ff also comprises a ring 672 ff that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 672 ff is disposed around a perimeter of recess 336 ff between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 ff also comprises a ring 676 ff that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 676 ff is disposed around and coupled in fixed relation to driveshaft 222 ff, as shown. Ring 672 ff and ring 676 ff are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when driveshaft 222 ff is inserted into recess 336 ff (FIG. 34C) to resist separation of drive hub 304 ff from driveshaft 222 ff. For example, ring 672 ff and ring 676 ff can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 ff and/or recess 336 ff have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 ff relative to driveshaft 222 ff). As shown, recess 336 ff and ring 672 ff are configured such that ring 672 ff defines a step within the recess between the proximal and distal ends of the recess. Further, in this embodiment driveshaft 222 ff comprises an enlarged cap member 223 ff (on which ring 672 ff is disposed) that can comprise a resilient material (e.g., a resilient polymer) to further facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 ff into recess 336 ff.

Coupler 300 ff differs from coupler 300 dd, for example, in that first end 308 ff includes a recess 340 ff configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 gg) of IO device 100 gg, with recess 340 ff having a distal end at first end 308 ff and a proximal end closer to second end 312 ff. In this embodiment, coupler 300 ff also comprises a ring 684 ff that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 684 ff is disposed around a perimeter of recess 340 ff between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 ff also comprises a ring 688 ff that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 688 ff is disposed around and coupled in fixed relation to hub 140 gg, as shown. Ring 684 ff and ring 680 ff are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when hub 140 gg is inserted into recess 340 ff (FIG. 34C) to resist separation of hub 140 gg from drive hub 304 ff. For example, ring 684 ff and ring 684 ff can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In some embodiments, hub 140 gg and recess 340 ff have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 140 gg relative to drive hub 304 ff). As shown, recess 340 ff and ring 684 ff are configured such that ring 684 ff defines a step within the recess between the proximal and distal ends of the recess. Coupler 300 ff also includes a recess 324 ff that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

FIGS. 35A-35C depict various views of a thirty-first embodiment 300 gg of the present couplers in combination with a powered driver 200 gg and an IO device 100 hh that is configured for obtaining a sample of bone and/or bone marrow (e.g., similar in some respects to IO devices 100 a and/or 100 b). In the embodiment shown, coupler 300 gg comprises a drive hub 304 gg having a first end 308 gg and a second end 312 gg including a recess 336 gg configured to receive driveshaft 222 gg of driver 200 gg, with recess 336 gg having a proximal end at second end 312 gg and a distal end closer to first end 308 gg. In this embodiment, coupler 300 gg also comprises a ring 672 gg that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 672 gg is disposed around a perimeter of recess 336 gg between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 ff also comprises at least one (e.g., two, as shown) element 680 gg that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). As shown, elements 680 gg are disposed within the perimeter of driveshaft 222 gg and spaced apart from the distal end 224 gg of the driveshaft, as shown. Ring 672 gg and elements 680 gg are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when driveshaft 222 ff is inserted into recess 336 ff (FIG. 35B) to resist separation of drive hub 304 gg from driveshaft 222 gg. For example, ring 672 gg and element 680 gg can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In some embodiments, driveshaft 222 gg and/or recess 336 gg have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of drive hub 304 gg relative to driveshaft 222 gg). Further, in this embodiment driveshaft 222 gg comprises an enlarged cap member 223 gg (in which elements 680 gg are disposed) that can comprise a resilient material (e.g., a resilient polymer) to further facilitate insertion of driveshaft 222 gg into recess 336 gg.

Coupler 300 gg differs from coupler 300 ee, for example, in that first end 308 gg includes a recess 340 gg configured to receive a hub (e.g., first hub 140 hh) of IO device 100 hh, with recess 340 gg having a distal end at first end 308 gg and a proximal end closer to second end 312 gg. In this embodiment, coupler 300 gg also comprises a ring 684 gg that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). Ring 684 gg is disposed around a perimeter of recess 340 gg between the proximal and distal ends of the recess, as shown. In this embodiment, driver 200 gg also comprises at least one (e.g., two, as shown) element 692 gg that comprises at least one of a magnetically-chargeable (e.g., iron) and a magnetically-attractive material (e.g., a permanent magnet). As shown, elements 692 gg are disposed within the perimeter of hub 140 hh. Ring 684 gg and elements 692 gg are configured to be magnetically attracted to each other when driveshaft 222 gg is inserted into recess 340 gg (FIG. 35B) to resist separation of hub 140 hh from drive hub 304 gg. For example, ring 684 gg and elements 692 gg can both comprise magnetically-attractive materials, or one can comprise a magnetically-attractive material and the other can comprise a magnetically-chargeable material. In some embodiments, hub 140 hh and/or recess 340 gg have non-circular cross-sectional shapes (e.g., to resist rotation of hub 140 hh relative to drive hub 304 gg). Coupler 300 gg also includes a recess 324 gg that is sized to receive a second hub (not shown, but similar to second hub 150 a of IO device 100 a).

The above specification and examples provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments. Although certain embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of this invention. As such, the various illustrative embodiments of the present devices are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, they include all modifications and alternatives falling within the scope of the claims, and embodiments other than the one shown may include some or all of the features of the depicted embodiment. For example, components may be combined as a unitary structure, and/or connections may be substituted (e.g., threads may be substituted with press-fittings or welds). Further, where appropriate, aspects of any of the examples described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other examples described to form further examples having comparable or different properties and addressing the same or different problems. Similarly, it will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments.

The claims are not intended to include, and should not be interpreted to include, means-plus- or step-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) “means for” or “step for,” respectively. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A coupler comprising: a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess, the at least one opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; a resilient clip disposed around the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous device to resist rotation of the intraosseous device relative to the drive hub.
 2. The coupler of claim 1, further comprising at least one ball movably disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub.
 3. The coupler of claim 2, wherein the resilient clip is a resilient c-clip.
 4. The coupler of claim 3, wherein the resilient c-clip biases the at least one ball toward a rotational axis of the drive hub.
 5. The coupler of claim 4, wherein the second end of the drive hub is configured such that if a driveshaft having at least one detent is inserted into the recess, the c-clip will: (i) allow the at least one ball to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one detent aligns with the at least one ball, and (ii) press the at least one ball into the at least one detent when the at least one detent is aligned with the at least one ball to resist removal of the driveshaft from the recess.
 6. The coupler of claim 5, where the first end of the drive hub includes a second recess configured to receive a hub of an intraosseous device, and the drive hub has at least one second opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the second recess, the at least one second opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the second recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area.
 7. The coupler of claim 6, further comprising at least one second ball movably disposed in the at least one second opening in the drive hub.
 8. The coupler of claim 7, further comprising a second resilient c-clip disposed around the drive hub such that the second resilient c-clip biases the at least one second ball toward a rotational axis of the drive hub.
 9. The coupler of claim 8, wherein the first end of the drive hub is configured such that if a hub of an intraosseous device having at least one second detent is inserted into the recess, the second c-clip will (i) allow the at least one ball to move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub until the at least one second detent aligns with the at least one second ball, and (ii) press the at least one second ball into the at least one second detent when the at least one second detent is aligned with the at least one second ball to resist removal of the intraosseous device from the recess.
 10. The coupler of claim 1, where the driveshaft and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape.
 11. The coupler of claim 10, where the drive hub has a circular outer cross-sectional shape.
 12. A coupler comprising: a drive hub having a first end and a second end including a recess configured to receive a driveshaft of a driver; and a resilient clip biased toward an axis of rotation of the drive hub; where the first end of the drive hub is configured to be coupled to an intraosseous device to resist rotation of the intraosseous device relative to the drive hub; and where the recess has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to a cross-sectional shape of the driveshaft such that if the driveshaft is inserted into the recess, the drive hub will resist rotating relative to the driveshaft.
 13. The coupler of claim 12, further comprising a hollow sleeve configured to be disposed around the recess such that a driveshaft inserted into the recess will be disposed in the hollow sleeve.
 14. The coupler of claim 13, where the resilient clip is unitary with the hollow sleeve.
 15. The coupler of claim 14, where the hollow sleeve and resilient clip comprise a single piece of sheet metal.
 16. The coupler of claim 14, where the distal end of the driveshaft has a non-circular cross-section.
 17. A coupler comprising: a drive hub having a first end and a second end configured to be coupled in fixed relation to a driveshaft of a driver, the first end including a recess configured to receive a hub of an intraosseous device, the drive hub having a sidewall with at least one opening extending through the sidewall in communication with the recess, the at least one opening having an inner cross-sectional area at the recess that is smaller than an outer cross-sectional area spaced apart from the inner cross-sectional area; at least one ball movably disposed in the at least one opening in the drive hub; and a collar movably disposed around the drive hub and having an interior surface defining at least one detent adjacent the drive hub.
 18. The coupler of claim 17, where the collar is movable between (i) a first position in which the at least one detent of the collar is aligned with the at least one opening such that the at least one ball can move away from the rotational axis of the drive hub to permit a hub of an intraosseous device having a detent to be inserted into or removed from the recess, and (ii) a second position in which the at least one detent of the collar is not aligned with the at least one opening such that if a hub of an intraosseous device having at least one detent is disposed in the recess such that the at least one detent of the hub is aligned with the opening, the intraosseous device is prevented from being removed from the recess.
 19. The coupler of claim 18, where the collar is biased toward the second position.
 20. The coupler of claim 18, where the hub of the intraosseous device and the recess each has a non-circular cross-sectional shape. 